Donald R. Cressey s Theory Of The Occupational Offender

Donald R. Cressey was a criminologist who developed the classic model for the occupational offender (Wells, 2013, p. 13). Cressey focused his research on people who started out doing their jobs in an honest way, but at some point, they started embezzling from their employer (Wells, 2013, p. 13). Cressey’s hypothesis was that embezzlers or â€Å"trust violators† had three common characteristics (Wells, 2013, p. 13). These three characteristics would later become known as the â€Å"fraud triangle† (Wells, 2013, p. 13). Frist, the trust violator had to have a â€Å"non-shareable financial problem† (Wells, 2013, p. 13). A non-sharable financial problem was a problem that the embezzler, for whatever reason, wouldn’t share with someone else in order to receive†¦show more content†¦21). The red flags included high personal debts, gambling habits, a refusal to take vacations, and little separation of duties among accountants (Wells, 2013, p. 22). One of Dr. Albrecht’s contributions was the â€Å"fraud scale† which consisted of three components â€Å"situational pressures, perceived opportunities, and personal integrity† (Wells, 2013, p. 23). When personal financial pressures on employees were high, poor internal controls present, and personal integrity low the odds of fraud being committed were high (Wells, 2013, pp. 23-24). I believe that there is a character profile of the typical fraudster. In my view, the most important indicator of fraud is a poor moral compass. My initial view was that a typical fraudster is an entry level or middle-level employee who has access to cash and feels unappreciated. As we have seen, some of the characteristics I’ve identified correlate with other studies previously mentioned. In 2011, Big Four Auditing Firm KPMG published a study that looked at the characteristics of the typical fraudster. Contrary to my initial view, KPMG found that the typical fraudster â€Å"was a senior level employee who had been employed by the company for more than 10 years† (KPMG, 2011). The RTN includes nine geographical regions: (ACFE, 2014, p. 14) 1. Canada 2. United States 3. Latin America and the Caribbean 4. Western Europe 5. Middle East and North Africa 6. Sub-SaharanShow MoreRelatedPrevention And Detection Of Accounting Fraud2577 Words   |  11 Pagesresearch paper will cover descriptions of types and components of fraud. It will offer suggestions as to who would commit fraud and how it would be detected and prevented. The research paper should provide a general overview of the subject in layman s terms. Introduction The Accounts Payable Manager writes himself a check which he then allocates to a fake invoice. The cashier pockets twenty dollars occasionally without ringing in a sale. The owner of the businessRead MoreThe New Fraud Triangle Model3669 Words   |  15 Pagesknowledge about fraud and why it occurs. It explains Cressey’s fraud theory and shows its significance, presents the other fraud models and relates them to Cressey’s model, and proposes a new fraud triangle model that external auditors could consider when assessing the risk of fraud. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: fraud, fraud triangle, cressey’s fraud theory, fraud models, fraud detection __________________________________Read MoreEssay on The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison12486 Words   |  50 Pagesmajority of the inmates in our jails and prisons, they make up a proportion that far outstrips their proportion in the population.2 Here, too, the image we see is distorted by the processes of the criminal justice system itself. Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey write in their widely used textbook Criminology that Numerous studies have shown that African-Americans are more likely to be arrested, indicted, convicted, and committed to an institution than are whites who commit the same offenses, and many

The Greek Colony of Miletus

Miletus was one of the great Ionian cities in southwestern Asia Minor. Homer refers to the people of Miletus as Carians. They fought against the Achaeans (Greeks) in the Trojan War. Later traditions have Ionian settlers taking the land from the Carians. Miletus itself sent off settlers to the Black Sea area, as well as the Hellespont. In 499 Miletus led the Ionian revolt that was a contributing factor in the Persian Wars. Miletus was destroyed 5 years later. Then in 479, Miletus joined the Delian League, and in 412 Miletus revolted from Athenian control offering a naval base to the Spartans. Alexander the Great conquered Miletus in 334 B.C.; then in 129, Miletus became part of the Roman province of Asia. In the 3rd Century A.D., Goths attacked Miletus, but the city continued, waging an ongoing fight against the silting of its harbor. Early Inhabitants of Miletus The Minoans abandoned their colony in Miletus by 1400 BC. Mycenaean Miletus was a dependency or ally of Ahhiwaya though its population was mostly Carian. Shortly after 1300 BC, the settlement was destroyed by fire—probably at the instigation of the Hittites who knew the city as Millawanda. The Hittites fortified the city against possible naval attacks by the Greeks. Age of the Settlement at Miletus Miletus was regarded as the oldest of the Ionian settlements, though this claim was disputed by Ephesus. Unlike its near neighbors, Ephesus and Smyrna, Miletus was protected from landward assaults by a mountain range and developed early as a sea power. During the 6th century, Miletus contested (unsuccessfully) with Samos for possession of Priene. In addition to producing philosophers and historians, the city was famous for its purple dye, its furniture, and the quality of its wool. The Milesians made their own terms with Cyrus during his conquest of Ionia, though they joined in the rebellion of 499. The city did not fall to the Persians until 494 at which time the Ionian Revolt was considered to be well and truly over. Rule of Miletus Though Miletus was originally ruled by a king the monarchy was overthrown early on. Around 630 BCE a tyranny evolved from its elected (but oligarchic) chief magistracy the prytaneia. The most famous Milesian tyrant was Thrasybulus who bluffed Alyattes out of attacking his city. After the fall of Thrasybulus there came a period of bloody stasis and it was during this period that Anaximander formulated his theory of opposites. When the Persians finally sacked Miletus in 494 they enslaved most of the population and deported them to the Persian Gulf, but there were enough survivors to play a decisive part in the battle of Mycale in 479 (Cimons liberation of Ionia). The city itself, however, was completely razed. The Port of Miletus Miletus, though one of the most famous ports of antiquity is now marooned in an alluvial delta. By the middle of the 5th century, it had recovered from Xerxes attack and was a contributing member of the Delian League. The 5th-century city was designed by the architect Hippodamas, a native of Miletus, and some of the extant remains date from that period. The present form of the theater dates to 100 A.D., but it had existed in an earlier form. It seats 15,000 and faces what used to be the harbor. Source Sally Goetsch of Didaskalia provided notes for this article. Percy Neville Ure, John Manuel Cook, Susan Mary Sherwin-White, and Charlotte Rouechà © Miletus The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth. Oxford University Press (2005).

Malcom X s Literacy Behind Bars - 957 Words

In Malcom X’s â€Å"Literacy Behind Bars†, Malcom shares his journey of self-educating himself while behind bars in the Charlestown Prison. Malcom attempted to read books, but never succeeded because he struggled to understand the meaning of the words on the page in front of him. He claims that prison allowed him to study more than he would have if he had attended college. Although Malcom struggled on an intellectual level, he serves as a prime example of an individual with self-belief and self-determination which lead to great success. Personally, I can relate to Malcom X in the sense that my personal experiences with education have allowed me not only to believe in myself but also have a mindset that allows me to come to certain realizations not only about myself but also about the world around me. Throughout my life I have struggled when it came to the education system and learning itself. I have had highs and lows; I have been through several tutors, and have spent a lot of money in attempting to learn certain concepts and subjects. Although school has not come as easy to me as it does to others, I have not let that stop me from developing a mind of my own and self-educating myself. I never failed school, but I always struggled through most subjects. I would be the girl who tutors other students in Chemistry, but would then fail a test on the same subject matter that I just taught to the students I tutored. This took a toll on me mentally; it creates a sense of anger and a

The Minimum Drinking Age Laws - 2540 Words

Most countries around the world have adopted MLDA laws for the purchase and /or possession of alcohol as a protective policy for the youth. Scientific evidence indicates that the lower the drinking age, the earlier the youth begin to decrease alcohol (at least in the United States). MLDA laws are vital components of any effort to control the production, marketing, distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages (Philip, 528). Several studies have indicated that more accidents occurred as a result of lower drinking age. As a result there has been advocacy for restoring MLDA to 21. Due to such advocacy campaigns, 16 states increased their MLDA between September 1976 and January 1983. The US government also lowered this age to 21 too. Globally, many of the states hold the minimum drinking age laws have been initiated for decades and they have never been changed at all excepting one or two countries. One of the exceptions is the US. The minimum drinking age laws are much effective in the U S. After the repeal of Prohibition in the US in 1993 the MLDA laws were established (David Jon, 54). Very many countries at that time set the MLDA at the age of 21. Most countries lowered the drinking age from 21 to 18 in the year 1971 when the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18. As a result of an increase in alcohol-related crashes which involved very many youths between the age of 18 and 21 many countries that lowered the drinking age to 18, returned to an MLDA of 21 years. The earlierShow MoreRelatedMinimum Limited Drinking Age Law883 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum limited drinking age law in America was passed more than 30 years ago. Therefore, it needed to be altered to catch up with today’s world. Teenagers today are no longer the kind of teenager back in the 1980s. Now, they have access to information on the Internet, they were taught how alcoholic drinks affect to the body, they were supervised by their parents closely. Moreover, teenagers even have legal access to voting, driving, owning a car,...and they can be jailed up if they break the lawRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age ( Tietjen )1700 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Legal Drinking Age On July 17 of 1984 President Ronald Reagan signed to make the National Minimum Drinking Age Act a law. This law required all states to have a minimum drinking age of 21, if a state did not comply with this law they could face up to a 10% cut in funding for their federal highways (Tietjen). Since this act became a law there has been two distinct sides arguing whether they agree with the minimum drinking age, or whether they disagree. One side believes having a minimum drinkingRead MoreChallenging The Legal Drinking Age1689 Words   |  7 PagesMackenzie Schultz Mrs. Hamilton AP English Language 25 July 2014 Challenging the Legal Drinking Age The Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) has been challenged since the passing of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 that raised the drinking age to twenty-one in all fifty states (Ogilvie). Advocates for lowering the MLDA to eighteen years of age argue that this change will eliminate the thrill of breaking the law for young adults entering college and boost the national economy. Supporters continueRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished1634 Words   |  7 PagesBalancing Act Laws surrounding alcohol use and consumption in the United States all stem from one major root: the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. The Prohibition Era lasted almost thirteen years and banned the production, the distribution, and the sale of alcohol. In 1933, the Prohibition Act was repealed and states designated their own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This law caused uproarRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1692 Words   |  7 PagesNational Minimum Drinking Age Act. This act stated that all states must raise their minimum drinking age to 21. Individuals under the age of 21 would now be prohibited from purchasing or being in public possession of any alcoholic beverage. Though not every state was keen on this idea, they all jumped to raise the minimum drinking age due to the government threat that they would lose up to 10% of their federal highway funding if they ignored th e request. However, since the National Minimum Drinking AgeRead MoreThe Issue Of Underage Drinking928 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of underage drinking has been constant for many years. The law for the minimum drinking age allows people 21 and older to legally drink alcoholic beverages. It is hard to enforce this law especially on college campuses where lots of underage drinking takes place. Someone that is 18 and older can get into some clubs where they are getting drinks even though they are not supposed to. There is a level of responsibility they needs to be taken when people are drinking. They should know how toRead MoreIs it Right to Lower the Drinking Age?1070 Words   |  4 Pages My question is, â€Å"Why should we lower the legal drinking age†? Current proposals to lower the minimum legal drinking age to 18 would have some benefits like increasing revenue for bars and liquor stores. However the risks surpass the benefits. Many people think that if you’re 18 you’re portrayed as an adult, you’re old enough to serve your country, vote, and make your own decisions. In some cases this could be true, but lowering the drinking age would be way too risky for themselves and others.Read MoreKeeping The Minimum Drinking Age864 Words   |  4 Pages Keeping the Minimum Drinking Age In 1984, the United States’ federal government passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Under this act, the federal government gives highway funds to States that forbid people under the age of twenty-one years old from â€Å"purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages†(23 U.S.C.  § 158). The incentive created a sense of a standardized minimum drinking age when legally there cannot be a federal minimum drinking age. Even though this Act has been in effectRead More Lowering the Legal Minimum Drinking Age Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesunderage drinking has become a major problem, especially on college campuses. But, underage drinking is not purely the root of all accidents related to alcohol. The real problem lies within the unsafe underage drinking habits amongst youth. There are ways that these alcohol-related accidents can be avoided. Several organizations have been created that are targeting a change in the legal drinking age laws. One key way to lo wer the risk of unsafe drinking is to lower the minimum legal drinking age fromRead MoreChanging the Minimun Legal Drinking Age in the United States1745 Words   |  7 PagesChanging the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States Over the past twenty years the minimum legal drinking age has been twenty-one in all US states, but that has not stopped citizens of the United Sates from attempting to lower the age. Following the end of prohibition in the United Sates during the Great Depression, all states agreed on a set of twenty-one to be the legal drinking age. For almost forty years there was no change in the drinking age until a decrease in the age for voting occurred

Non Verbal Communication Free Essays

NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION Non- verbal communication is the single most powerful form of communication. More than voice or even words, nonverbal communication cues you in to what is on another person’s mind. The best communicators are sensitive to the power of the emotions and thoughts communicated nonverbally. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Verbal Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now When individuals speak, they normally do not confine themselves to the mere emission of words. A great deal of meaning is conveyed by non-verbal means which always accompany oral discourse – intended or not. In other words, a spoken message is always sent on two levels simultaneously, verbal and non-verbal. Non-verbal behaviour predates verbal communication because individuals, since birth, rely first on non-verbal means to express themselves. This innate character of non-verbal behaviour is important in communication. Even before a sentence is uttered, the hearer observes the body gestures and facial expressions of the speaker, trying to make sense of these symbolic messages. They seem to be trustable because they are mostly unconscious and part of every-day behaviour. People assume that non-verbal actions do not lie and therefore they tend to believe the non-verbal message when a verbal message contradicts it. This was proven in tests in which subjects were asked to react to sentences that appeared friendly and inviting when reading them but were spoken angrily. In short, people try to make sense of the non-verbal behaviour of others by attaching meaning to what they observe them doing. Consequently, these symbolic messages help the hearer to interpret the speaker’s intention and this indicates the importance of non-verbal communication in the field of interpretation. In daily conversations it often happens that we do not understand what the other person wants to say. Thus we ask questions such as â€Å"What do you mean by this† so that the speaker clarifies his message. The interpreter is deprived of this possibility and therefore has to fall back on other means allowing him to understand the speaker. This is the moment when non-verbal communication comes in, giving him subtle hints on how the message is to be understood. From the speaker’s point of view, however, there are numerous functions of non-verbal behaviour – even if he or she is not aware of them. Human beings use non-verbal means to persuade or to control others, to clarify or embellish things, to stress, complement, regulate and repeat verbal expressions. They can also be used to substitute verbal expression, as this is the case with several body gestures. Non-verbal communication is emotionally expressive and so any discourse appealing to the receiver’s emotions has a persuasive impact. Although many non-verbal means are innate and universal, (i. e. eople in different cultures have a common understanding of these cues), the contribution of non-verbal communication to the total meaning of a discourse can be culturally determined and differ in different countries. By some estimates, there are more than 200,000 nonverbal signs in human communication, and only 7 percent to 35 percent of communication is verbal. The nonverbal aspect of human communication is so important because it can convey complex thoughts better than words can — and also because it is an automa tic behavior, and therefore much more difficult to control than speech. Gestures:- {draw:frame} Gestures, like words, are a form of communication closely tied to culture and language. In fact, gestures are the nonverbal method closest to verbal communication, because there are specific meanings to the gestures. The fact that human physical expression is limited by our bodies’ capabilities means that gestures from different cultures can be similar in appearance. A body gesture is a movement made with a limb, especially the hands, to express, confirm, emphasize or back up the speaker’s attitude or intention. This non-verbal activity is regularly used in oral discourse. If a body act requires no verbal accompaniment, it is called an â€Å"emblem†. Examples are: hand signals such as waving good-bye, the â€Å"V† for victory sign or the â€Å"high five† signalling victory. While some emblems, for example a clenched fist, have universal meaning, there are others that are idiosyncratic or culturally conditioned. The use of the zero shape made by the fingers, for instance, does not mean the same thing in different cultures. Standing for â€Å"OK† in the UK, it may be a vulgar expression in South American cultures, sometimes embarrassingly so†¦ Body gestures are always perceived and interpreted together with facial expressions. Facial Expression:- {draw:frame} Facial expressions are one of the more powerful methods of nonverbal communication. They can convey mood, emotional or physical state, or identity. For example, flight attendants are taught that passengers will be more accepting and less defensive, even during negative confrontations, if the attendants smile as they speak. Police use facial cues to detect substance abuse, or to read suspects for signs of lying. All humans have mannerisms that convey information to strangers (such as friendly or aloof), as well as personal expressions that become familiar and identifying to others who know them. Nonverbal Communication with the Eyes {draw:frame} Eyes are particularly demonstrative in nonverbal communication. Besides conveying emotions, the pupils constrict when viewing something displeasing and dilate when viewing something pleasant. Eye contact is an important part of communication — good eye contact makes a person seem confident and credible. Touch is somewhat opposite of visual and audio cues in terms of how information is received, but the thousands of nerve endings in skin allow for things like pressure, temperature and texture to convey immense amounts of information. Touch also creates a communicative bond, such as between a parent and an infant. Body Orientation Body orientation is communication by the way a person sits, stands, walks or generally holds herself in a situation. It can indicate friendship or unfamiliarity, feelings of like or dislike, or perceived social standing. (Feelings of inferiority can cause a person to be tense or rigid, while perceptions of superiority make a person relaxed and loose. ) Posture is frequently thought to convey general feelings about a person or situation, while facial expressions and specific bodily movements offer more specific information about a relationship. Conclusion:- Non-verbal communication is not only crucial in a plain daily communication situation but also for the interpreter. Non-verbal communication can take various forms, each of which illustrates or replaces a certain part of the verbal communication. It includes many more elements than one might think at first. When interpreters are in a working situation where the audience will not see them, non-verbal communication can represent a problem. The udience might even be tempted to believe that the interpreters have not done a good job. In order to be able to work properly, interpreters need to make sense of non-verbal cues. This is only possible because a special part of our brain deals with the emotional part of the message. Not only intelligence but also emotional intelligence is needed for interpreting non-verbal elements. Whether non-verbal communication supports the interpreters in their task or presents a difficulty, it will always play an important role. How to cite Non Verbal Communication, Papers Non Verbal Communication Free Essays string(153) " one has their body fully turned to face the second, but he second person only has their head facing the first with their body facing another direction\." Many of us may think verbal communication or language is the sole type of communication that we use to commune with others. This is far beyond this case. You may not realize it, but he majority of communication that you use to commune is in fact nonverbal. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Verbal Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nonverbal communication can be practiced though touch like shaking a hand or your eye contact which falls under Haptic communication. Nonverbal communication can be conversed simply in the image your body looks like, for example an old person versus child to the way you are dressed like a police uniform verses a half naked surfer.Physical environment plays a large role in nonverbal communication. This includes the space that is put between the senders and receivers and actual physical boundaries and environment such as furniture and artwork. One of the most influential forms of nonverbal communication in my opinion is someone’s movement and body arrangement which is referred as Kinesics. This falls under posture which can reveal someone’s attention as a receiver or sender to gestures which are non vocal physical movement indented to send out a message to the receiver. Some of us have heard a quote from our parents or close relatives â€Å"a first impression is a lasting one†. This is because the way you look has a major impact on how you communicate to everyone around you. Take for example the way someone dresses. In most cases you are going to dress for the occasion you are attending. If you happen to be a executive of a large company who represents many people, you are not going to stroll in a board meeting in a tank top and jeans. It will make you unprofessional by the means that nobody will take you seriously. Your actual physical body structure has a impact on how you communicate. A tall muscular man will in most cases have more authority and respect to a person or group as a leader then a scrawny little girl. Age also has an effect on nonverbal communication. If we go back many years when the lifespan of a human was rare over fifty or sixty years of age, we treated these elders with respect and accepted their wisdom and guidance. However this also comes with gender. There were few or none women elders at that time which brings to the fact that men were and still somewhat are treated with more seriousness. When speaking orally with someone, we may notice how we spaced ourselves ith the listener. For example it may become natural for us when speaking with a close friend, to allow them to stand closer to you then a customer that you are meeting for the first time to discuss business. The amount of physical spaced needed solely depends on the relationship you have with your listeners. This communicates many emotions like aggression, affection and fear. These zones are divided into four sectors circling with you in the center. From going closer to you to farther from you, they are intimate, social, personal, and public space.With intimate being your closest zone, you only allow a select group to make contact with you. â€Å"Your invading my personal space† is a prime example of this. Many will become threatened and develop hostility toward a stranger who walks up directly to you without identifying themselves first and violates your intimate space. Imaginary space we put between people is not the only type of method we use to communicate to others. Actual physical objects plays a role also, for instance buildings, office spaces and trophy rooms. Many industrialized countries have always competed with each other to have the biggest and tallest objects.Whether it would be skyscrapers to roller coasters to cars. It communes dominance and pride to posses things like these. You walk into a well known sport player trophy room and see there rows and rows of trophies they have acquired over the years, it communes great respect and accomplishment for what they had done. Another example is walking into a executive office of a big business. You see elegant furniture, colorful paintings and a grand high office chair behind a shiny desk with a name tag. This clearly displays power, fame and prestige.A significant attribute to nonverbal communication is the movement and body position known as kinesics. This term was founded in 1952 by anthropologist Ray Birdwhistel who was involved in filming people interacting in social situations. Under kinesics is posture. Your human posture simply referrers to the way your body is in position. This can be more easily recognized while the person is standing still such as when standing upright, sitting down, kneeling and lying down. Posture in nonverbal communication advertises your sense of involvement, mindfulness and goals in a variety of ways.The direction the body points to is where the mind wants to go. Body angles say everything about a conversation. When two people to engage in an intimacy position, they face each other head on. When two people are engaging in a non threatening conversation, they are positioned in their social space facing each other at an angle but if a third party member decided to join this conversation, one of two things may happen. If the original two decide to accept the third into their group, all three turn to face each other in a triangular formation signaling evenness among the group.However if the original two do not openly accept the third into their conversation, they will not shift their position toward the third thus signaling that they are not invited. If they are willing to acknowledge the third person is there however, they might consider to turn their heads towards them, but there foot position will not change. This example of turning your head to face some one to acknowledge their presence can also be used in example where two individuals are in a conversation.The first one has their body fully turned to face the second, but he second person only has their head facing the first with their body facing another direction. You read "Non Verbal Communication" in category "Papers" This signifies that the first person is trying to hold the second person’s attention, but the second person is signaling that they are in a position to leave but still acknowledging the first persons presence. Another characteristic that falls under kinesics and goes hand in hand with posture is gestures. Gestures are nonverbal expressions such as hand signals and facial expressions. We use gestures on a daily basis to signal a variety of things. Short quotes are expressed though gestures or also known as emblems such as hello and good bye by simply waving your hand. These can easily be identified and translated into verbal statements and is widely shared within your society. In many cases gestures are needed when talking verbally is forbidden, unwise or wont make a difference towards the receiver. In a noisy crowd, if you want to communicate with your friend from a distance, yelling at each other will not get your message to your friend. However making a pointing gesture in a direction is an excellent way of signaling to your friend where you want to meet.This also goes with sport teams on a field. When a coach is pointing at players then to specific spots for those players to go and defend, it is much easier then for the coach to walk up to each player and explain to them verbally where to position themselves. There is an entire language of gestures that represents words and emotions for individuals who cannot communicate what so ever verbally and in some cases even visually. This is knows as sign language. Each gesture in sign language does not represent a letter or a written alphabet but a certain meaning. When having a verbal conversation, we are using or had used a gesture.Using gestures while speaking can be know as â€Å"beat gestures†. They are used to keep up with the mood of the speech and acknowledge the sender and receiver. Simple examples would be a smile. A sender smiles signals the person is enjoying what they are saying or a receiver smiles indicating they are both listing and enjoying. With eight thousand muscles currently working in your face, more then seven thousand facial expressions can be created. The overall appearance of the face is a multitude of signs from many sources, such as the bony construct, shapes and positions of structure, and color and consistency of the skin.Facial expressions created by muscular actions have their origins in the earliest ancestors of the human species, but this jargon continually evolves and grow through both biological and social mechanisms. The facial muscles fabricate the changing facial expressions that carry information about emotion, mood, and thought. Smiling is one of them. Showing round eyes and raised cheeks and an open mouth signals that you are happy. Fear would show round eyes, raised eyebrows and open mouth. Anger would show a lowering of the eyebrow and mouth. A disgusted expression shows a wrinkled nose, lowered eyelids and eyebrow and a raised upper lip.Sadness would show sagginess around the eyes and mouth and surprise would show widely raised eyebrows, open eyes and mouth. As you can tell some of these emotions share the same features, this is why it is sometime hard for a receiver to tell what you are trying to communicate. All of these expressions are shared universally though different cultures and societies. There is an entire language of gestures that represents words and emotions for individuals who cannot communicate what so ever verbally and in some cases even visually. This is knows as sign language. One can say a more permanent gesture can be eye contact.Eye contact is important in its quantity because too little may or too much may indicate communication barriers. Eye contact in while communicating and in relationships shows intimacy, attention, and influence. Coinciding with facial expressions, there is no rules against eye contact, however you may have heard people telling you that it is rude to stare at strangers. How ever in many places in the united states it is perfectly acceptable to glance at strangers you are passing on the sidewalk with either a gesture of a nod signaling that you know of their presence or even a quick â€Å"hi† before looking away right away.Still eye contact has its uses in certain places. Many will not make eye contact while riding a subway or bus station with strangers but have more when sitting in a college classroom. Americans in general feel uncomfortable to gaze on another stranger or not, it is too intense for them. Yet too little eye contact can communicate a loss of interest, negligence, and even mistrust. This can be viewed as negative response towards people. Some may have heard the quote â€Å"never look into a person who doesn’t look into your eyes†. But of course this is all culture based.In some asian countries, have no eye contact with your sender or reciever indicates a kind of respect and authority. Haptics plays a unique role in nonverbal communication. This type of communication is practiced though touching. Haptics covers all kinds of touching on both the sender and receiver. Touching each other such as grasping hands, shaking hands, kissing, back slapping, high fives and pats on the shoulder. Shaking hands dates back to ancient Greece to signal to each other that they are peaceful and hold no weapons. Shaking hands has a list of different meanings.Meeting, greeting, parting, offering, congratulations, expressing gratitude or completing an agreement. Shaking hands varies from society to society. Adapters in Haptics is type of touching you do to yourself such as licking, picking, holding, and scratching. These send out messages to the receiver to reveal your intentions and feelings. The meaning of the touch depends on the situation and relationship. Touch is a tremendously important sense for humans and other animals alike not only to bestow information about textures and surfaces, but for relationships as well.Hugging your mother versus patting your dad on his back are both common haptic communications. Haptic communication can be sexual. Kissing is a prime example of sexual orientation in countries like the united states, but no where close in some middle eastern countries where kissing is a form of everyday greeting. Touching skin to skin is a process that is said to be vital with infants in their developing stages. A baby cries, you go and pick it up and it will sometime automatically stop crying at once. The prime reason is that it felt comfort against another body.Retaining a sense of touch out performs a child’s sense of smell and sight many times over in the process of growing up. There has been cases in United States homes where babies were properly nourished in a healthy household environment have died because of lack of touch. Babies need that tender loving care and human bodily contact to survive. Touching between adults is treated differently but very much a function of culture. Societies that practice many forms of social touching in conversations like the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Latin America who routinely embrace and hold hands are called high contact cultures.In the United States however, it is more rare if any at all. But even so haptics vary on the same subject. Going back to the handshake, which changes on the occasion depending on the kind of message the send and receiver are hoping to achieve. It could be a very tough grip handshake signaling dominance and a degree of intimacy, or it could be a soft and slow handshake acknowledging comfort or love. A blunt form of haptic communication can be though actual physical violence and abuse. Hitting, kicking, scratching, choking and even rape. All signals hate towards another so they express their sense of touch through these aspects.We yawn, grunt, burp and cry, hesitate and practice sarcasm. These all fall under nonverbal communication knows as paralanguage. All these vocal emotions effect the outcome of the communication that is released to the receiver. Someone says â€Å"good afernoon† to you in the most boring and coarse tone you have ever heard. You then know that this afternoon is far from good for this person. The accent of the words have a lasting effect on their true meaning. â€Å"Its not what he said, it’s the way he said it†. Human and animal voices alike when speaking a sentence for humans and emitting an animal’s personal call all change due to paralanguage.When dealing with nonverbal communication, one aspect has to be applied in all areas it falls under. Nonverbal communication is culturally motivated. Always has been and always will be. Communicating nonverbally you will sometimes feel that you can get your message across to the receiver easier and more efficiently. This is why nonverbal communication completely dominates over verbal communication on getting the message across.WORKS CITED Axtell, Roger E. Gestures The DO’s and TABOO’s of Body Language Around the World. New York City: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , 1991. Becze, Elisa. â€Å"Nonverbal Communication can say alot about you.   Staying On Top  April 2007. (2007): 30. 14 Nov. 2010 http://ehis. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=10hid=5sid=552921b6-8af9-4b56-81dc-3375346bda61%40sessionmgr15 Cohen, Bryan. â€Å"Posture, Height and Weight, Age and Gender. †Ã‚  Bodily Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication. 19 Nov. 2010. eHOW. 6 Sep. 2010 . â€Å"Eye Contact. †Ã‚  Beyond Language. 20 Nov. 2010. Prentice Hall. 1993 . â€Å"Exploring Vocal Paralanguage. †Ã‚  The Human Voice. 20 Nov. 2010. University Of California, Sana Cruz. http://nonverbal. ucsc. edu/voicerev. html. Givens, David. â€Å"PROXEMICS. † 15 Nov. 2010. Center for Nonverbal Studies. 998 http://center-for-nonverbal-studies. org/proxemic. htm. Hagar, Joseph. â€Å"The Expression†¦. †Ã‚  Introduction To The DataFace Site: Facial Expressions, Emotion Expressions, Nonverbal Communication, Physiognomy. 18 Nov. 2010. 2003 . Herring, Roger D. â€Å"Nonverbal Communication: A Necessary Component of Cross-Cultural Counseling. †Ã‚  WHAT IS NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION? Vol. 18, Issue 4. (Oct9): 1. 16 Nov. 2010 . Hopkins, Lee. â€Å"Paralanguage. †Ã‚  Nonverbal communication – an overview. 21 Nov. 2010. Solucija. 2002 . King, Shirly. The Glorious Touch of a Baby. 20 Nov. 2010. Parent. net. . Nonverbal Communication. 15 Nov. 2010. Wikipedia. How to cite Non Verbal Communication, Papers

Lucky Charms free essay sample

I believe in karma. And luck. And those pass it forward situations that look so perfect on commercials. I look for four leaf clovers. I plan for worst case scenarios. When I find a penny on the street, I turn it heads-up so the next person can find their lucky penny. I eat lucky charms for breakfast. I get upset when my horoscope tells me I will not find my true love. I’ve always considered myself an unlucky person. No matter what I do to counter my luck everything that could go wrong always does. Perhaps the almighty Zeus zapped me with his lightning bolt at birth, dooming me to unluckiness. Or maybe I ate a cursed apple, that a clever witch had switched just before recess in my younger years. It was the fall of my junior year, I was in clay class. Our assignment was to make a box. We will write a custom essay sample on Lucky Charms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Plain and simple. I designed my box to be a utopian city. All four sides of my box had a precise number of skyscrapers, which I embellished with numerous windows and doors. I toiled over rolling, cutting, and preparing the clay. It was extremely fragile, and every small crack sent me into a panic. During the last week of class, I was working on the lid of my box. The finishing piece to my city was a bridge that connected the two ends of the box together and attached to the lid. Carefully I smoothed out the edges of my bridge, and lowered the lid onto the top of the box. Just as I placed the lid, the bridge and most of the skyscrapers shattered. Leaving the beautiful utopian city to ruins, and making the hours that I had spent molding the fragile clay futile. The curse of my bad luck had struck again. The evil cloud of doom had followed me down to the basement of my school, at the very end of the hallway, to the exact location of my most precious artwork. I could feel my stomach turn as I assessed the damage of my city. I scrambled through my brain, thinking of how I could save it; what I could do to fill in the cracks. But when I looked at my box, I saw a new meaning to my artwork. While it may have not been the utopian city I was trying to build, it was the shattered ruins of a once perfect society; broken by a force much larger than itself. I glazed and painted the city just as it had fallen, with the bridge knocked over and the tops of the buildings crumbled. My box was sent to the statewide art show, and while it did not win, I was one of the finalist. From my fallen city I realized that I’m not unlucky after all; I simply take risks. I have big ideas that can never be easily executed. Im constantly challenging myself and pushing the limits of my ability. I welcome failure because in no way does it stop me from reaching my goals, it forces me to look at the problem from a different angle, and find a new perspective. In a sea of endless possibilities I search for the most difficult and creative approaches. Not only to test my capability but to prove my determination to go above and beyond the obstacles that hinder me. From my broken artwork I learned that I make my own luck, and no cloud of doom follows my tracks. But I’ll keep eating my lucky charms, just in case.

Risk Management Knowledge And Uncertainity †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Risk Management Knowledge And Uncertainity. Answer: Introduction We are always faced with decisions on a daily basis that people are generally have to make without any definite knowledge regarding the consequences. The quantity of knowledge that people have possess about the decision that have to be made substantially influence peoples final choice. If people analyze the spectrum of knowledge, it is observable two extremes exist: perfect knowledge and uncertainty. This then beckons the question where risk lies in such a wide spectrum. To address the above question, this article evaluate as well as discuss the meaning of the phrases knowledge, uncertainty and risk (Rose et al., 2017). Upon having a clear understanding of such terms, the questions relating to the risk can be addressed in details. Thus, the statement 'Knowledge can be divided into uncertainty and perfect knowledge and the question Where does risk fit into this spectrum? can addressed in the following subsections. The knowledge and understanding of risk and riskmanagement forms the basis for considering where the risk fall for example, whether risk is the measurable component of uncertainty (Shortridge, Aven Guikema, 2017). Discussion The knowledge spectrum is divided between the two extremes of uncertainty and perfect knowledge. To understand risk and how risk differs from uncertainty, there is a need to understand the meaning of these phrases. The phrases risk and uncertainty are utilized interchangeably in daily conversation. This makes it quite challenging to understand their differences. Historically, even the economists have errored by mistaking risk for uncertainty and vice versa as they use these phrases loosely. For instance, Bastiat (1850) never made any sharp differences between the two phrases; risk and uncertainty. Referring to dictionary, it is observable that risk is defined as the likelihood of loss or injury whereas uncertainty is defined as something which is indeterminable or unknown beyond a doubt. Thus, with respect to daily usage, people will see that risk refers to the positive likelihood of a negative event from occurring whereas uncertainty does not actually means a value judgment. Neverth eless, both risk and uncertainty are comparable in nature and refer to a condition where people cannot fully foresee the future (Scholten Fynes, 2017). Analysis of risk on the basis of technology and economics, makes us see that risk is expressed a quantifiable value of an event being accompanied with the negative consequence. It is this measured as both the likelihood of the event happening and the gravity of the consequence. For instance, the likelihood of the bearing failing over a period of a 5 years is 0.001%. The consequence of the failing of such bearing will culminate in the engine to halt functioning. These two merge into a single value to indicate risk. Correspondingly, in management, a risk linked to a decision shall be the likelihood that the outcomes shall be different from the peoples anticipation/expectation. Similarly, if people are planning something, the risk shall be different events which can occur, that shall lead to the project falling behind schedule or go over the anticipated cost. According to the study carried out by Knight (1921), risk is occurs when the upcoming events takes place with measurable likelihood whereas uncertainty happens when the likelihood of the upcoming events remains indeterminate or can never be calculated at all. This implies that with uncertainty, one cannot predict the future outcome while risk is measurable and indicates the likelihood of the future occurrence. From the above discussion, the distinction has been drawn between the unmeasurable uncertainty (uncertainty) and measurable uncertainty (risk). Risk, therefore, denotes the measurable component of uncertainty. Risk has been used in relation to measurable uncertainties or the likelihoods of insurance that provides certain validation for specifying the phrases as just indicated. Risk can, therefore, be designated by the term objective probability while uncertainty can be designated by the term subjective probability. There is a practical distinction between uncertainty and risk. The distinction is that in the earlier distribution of outcome in a cohort of instances is known (either via calculation a priori or from statistics of previous experience), whereas in the context of uncertainty, this is untrue, the motive being that it is intolerable to form a cohort of instances, since the context dealt with is in a great degree exclusive. The best instance of uncertainty is in relation to the exercise of judgment or the formation of such sentiments as to the forthcoming course of events, which views (and not scientific knowledge) really guide furthermost of the individuals behavior. With known distribution of diverse possible outcomes in a cohort of instances, it is feasible to eliminate any material uncertainty by grouping convenient or instances consolidation. However, that it is feasible does not essentially imply that it shall be done, and individuals have to observe at the onset that where a distinct instance solely is at matter, there remains no distinction for conduct between a measurable risk alongside unmeasurable uncertainty (Walker, Davis, Stevenson, 2017). As already observed, the individual throws his estimate of value of a given opinion into the likelihood form of a success in b trials (a/b) being the proper function) and feels toward it as toward any given other likelihood condition. Accordingly, it is worth concluding that risk is the measurable component of uncertainty. The statement 'Knowledge can be divided into uncertainty and perfect knowledge is thus validated and the question Where does risk fit into this spectrum? is answered effectively. Westpac Banking Corporation The focus of this task 2 is to present a working advice to Westpac Bank Corporation board on how they should approach risk. The board has adopted a Three Lines of Defense methodology tomanagement of risk that replicates its culture of risk is everyones business whereby all staffs are accountable for the identification andmanagement of risk as well as operating with the anticipated risk profile of the Group. It is upon this basis that I will present a detailed advice on how the board should approach. The suggested approach that board should adopt is the risk-oriented decision making process. Risk-Based Decision Making Process Step 1: Establishing the Decision Structure The board needs to start by understanding and defining the decision which has to be made. This initial component of risk-based decision making is usually ignored and hence deserves additional attention by the board. The board has to perform the following steps to accomplish this essential component. (1a) the board must define the decisions by specifically describing what decisions have to be undertaken. (1b) The board has to determine the needs to be engaged in decisions by identifying as well as soliciting involvement from key stakeholders. These stakeholders must be involved in decision making, and those to be affected by actions arising from the decision-making process. (1c) the board must identify the alternatives available to them. They have to describe the choices available to them. This will assist them focus efforts solely on issues likely to influence the choice among credible options. (1d) the board has to identify the factors which shall influence decisions alongside risk factors. (1e) the board then needs to gather information regarding the factors which influence stakeholders. The board will perform particular analysis like risk assessment and cost studies for measuring the decision factors. Step 2: Perform the Risk Assessment Diverse types of risks are significant factors in several kinds of decisions. Simply put, risk the board must use risk assessment to understand: (i) what bad things can occur (ii) how likely the bad things to occur (iii) how severe the effects could be. The board needs to understand that the bad things of interest can be safety and health losses or property losses. Risk assessment will vary from extremely simple, personal judgment by persons to extremely complex assessment by experts. The board has to choose the right approach to provide the required information without having to overwork the problem. The board will undertake the following steps: (2a) establishing the risk-associated questions which needs answers. The board will decide what questions, if correctly answered, would avail the risks insights required by them to make decisions. (2b) The board will than determine the risk-associated information required to answer the questions. They will then describe the information essential to answer individual question raised in the past step. The board will have to specify the following for each information: info type required, precision, certainty required besides analysis of resources available (Shortridge, Aven Guikema, 2017) (2c) The board will then select the risk analysis tools which will most effectively develop the needed risk-associated information. (2d) The board will then establish the scope for analysis tools. The board will set the relevant physical or analytical limitation for the analysis. (2e) The board will then generate risk-based information utilizing the analysis tools. The board will apply the selected risk analysis tools. This could need the use of multiple analysis tools and could engage certain iterative analysis. They should begin with a general, low-details analysis and advancing towards an increasingly specific, high-detail analysis (Schurr, De Tuya Noll, 2017). Step 3: Applying the results to risk management decision making The board should focus on lowering risk as possible. They may accept the risk at times and change the risk to be accepted. The board must take actions to manage risk to reduce risk. Such actions have to provide additional benefit than costs. They must be acceptable to stakeholders and avoid causing additional substantial risks. The board must take the following steps: (3a) assessing the possible risk management alternatives and determining how the risks can be most effectively managed. The decision by board will include (1) accepting/rejecting risk or (2) finding particular ways of risk reduction. (3b) The board will use the risk-oriented information in making decision. This final decision-making phase usually engages substantial communication with a vast set of stakeholders. Step 4: Monitoring Effectiveness via Impact Assessment The board must use the impact assessment to track the effectiveness of the actions adopted to manage risk. This will help the board to verify that bank is getting the anticipated results from its risk management decisions. This will help the board to consider a new decision-making process in case the results are unexpected. Step 5: Facilitating Risk Communication The board will adopt a two-way process for communicating risk during the risk-based decision making. The board is encouraged to motivate stakeholders to do the following: (i) providing guidance on essential issues to consider. The stakeholders will identify particular significance issues to them. They will then present their respective views on how individual step of the process needs to be performed, or at minimum provide comments on plans others suggest (Stevenson, Savage Taylor, 2017). (ii) The board will also encourage stakeholders to provide appropriate information required for assessments. This is because some or all stakeholders could have essential information required in decision-making process. (iii) The board will also encourage stakeholders to provide buy-in for eventual decisions. Stakeholders need to agree on work to be undertaken in individual phase of the risk-oriented decision-making process. This will make the stakeholders to support the eventual decision (Hu, 2017). Assess the Implications of Strategic Risk Decisions To assess the impacts of strategic risks, the bank should bring ERM into the frontline of strategic decisions making as well as execution. This will engage a precise comprehension of corporate strategy, the risks in espousing it as well as the risk of implementing it. With clear understanding of such risk, the bank will develop effective and integrated strategic risk mitigation (Hopkin, 2017). The bank will augment strategic management and get full value from the strategy by looking at sales growth and service delivery. It will be based on the much the bank is prepared to take to deliver its objective alongside timely as well as reliable evaluation of the much the risk is taking. The assessment will match the impact to the decision framework. The risk will be characteristically assessed against schedule, cost and technical performance targets. It will also include compliance, oversight and political impacts. Garvey rating scales will be used to make multi-criteria assessments and ways to merge them into an entire measure of impact and consequence (Akyildiz Mentes, 2017). These scales will be used to determine risk impact levels crossways cost, performance, schedule, alongside additional criteria regarded significant to the project. The risk matrix tool will also help in evaluating the risk to special programs. Risk management tools for the bank and its components will assist with consistency of risk determination. It will help assess the risk against potential negative impact on goals of the bank. References Akyildiz, H., Mentes, A. (2017). An integrated risk assessment based on uncertainty analysis for cargo vessel safety. Safety science, 92, 34-43. Hopkin, P. (2017). Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Hu, W. (2017). Calibration of multivariate generalized hyperbolic distributions using the EM algorithm, with applications in risk management, portfolio optimization and portfolio credit risk. Rose, A., Prager, F., Chen, Z., Chatterjee, S., Wei, D., Heatwole, N., Warren, E. (2017). Uncertainty analysis. In Economic Consequence Analysis of Disasters (pp. 87-97). Springer Singapore. Scholten, K., Fynes, B. (2017). Risk and uncertainty management for sustainable supply chains. In Sustainable Supply Chains (pp. 413-436). Springer International Publishing. Schurr, M., De Tuya, M., Noll, K. (2017, January). RiskInformed Decision Making in Information System Implementation Projects: Using Qualitative Assessment and Evaluation of Stakeholders Perceptions of Risk. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Shortridge, J., Aven, T., Guikema, S. (2017). Risk assessment under deep uncertainty: A methodological comparison. Reliability Engineering System Safety, 159, 12-23. Stevenson, M., Savage, B., Taylor, B. J. (2017). Perception and communication of risk in decision making by persons with dementia. Dementia, 1471301217704119. Walker, D. H., Davis, P. R., Stevenson, A. (2017). Coping with uncertainty and ambiguity through team collaboration in infrastructure projects. International Journal of Project Management, 35(2), 180-190.