The Causes Of Lysosomal Diseases - 719 Words

More dysregulated metabolites were identified in the liver (n=177) than that in the brain (n=122). Notably, there are more amino acid, amino acid derivatives and dipeptides identified in livers (mostly upregulated). These results are expected because the liver is the primary site of metabolism. In terms of pathways enriched, significant involvement of neurotransmission and chemical synaptic transmission were observed in the brain. Meanwhile, there are several pathways only enriched in livers, including gamma glutamyl cycle, leukotriene biosynthesis, Phase II conjugation and glutathione synthesis, which are mainly associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. The energy imbalance in SD leads to increased respiratory chain activity in†¦show more content†¦The oxidative stress can cause cell damage, resulting in inflammation, which has also been found to be a major contributor to disease progression of GM2 gangliosidosis [17]. In this study, we identified elevation in glut athione pathways, which plays a pivotal role in responses to oxidative stress. Another evidence of inflammation is reduced levels of arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, in brain samples of SD mice. Oxidation of arachidonic acid can generate leukotrienes, a family of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes, and thus promote inflammation. The increased energy requirements can also activate autophagy and protein catabolism, which have been found in MPS I and MPS VII mice [13]. In this study, we found increased levels of amino acids, amino acid derivatives and dipeptides, indicating increased protein catabolism. Increased requirements of energy and raw materials can also activate lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, manifested by decreased adiposity, a common observation in many lysosomal diseases [18-20]. In addition, the enlarged lysosome and distended cells due to abnormal accumulation requires increased membrane synthesis, which can also affect lipid m etabolism. Our previous proteomic analysis [21] also identified abnormality in the cytoskeleton system, which can be partially attributed to altered cellular architecture due to storage accumulation. Collectively, we show here that the energy imbalance caused by the lack ofShow MoreRelatedGaucher Disease Types I, II, IIi869 Words   |  4 PagesGaucher Disease Types I, II, III Gaucher Disease is a type of lysosomal storage disorder. The importance is that they are meant to keep everything in order. Lysosomes are microscopic organelles that have a primary function to serve as digestion compartments. According to Davidson, (1) â€Å"lysosomes help break down many different materials such as fats, proteins, waste products, and more to transfer those compounds to become new cell building materials†. Consequentially, making lysosomes an importantRead MoreUse of Energy by the Human Body782 Words   |  3 Pagesessentially the only fuel source used by the brain. The primary function of muscle glycogen is to supply fuel for the contraction of the muscles during exercise. However, insufficient amount of glycogen in the liver and muscles can lead to numerous diseases, diseases like Glycogen Storage Disorders (GSD). Glycogen synthesis and breakdown occur by distinctive pathways that are catalyzed by different enzymes. Glycogen phosphorylation involves three steps: the first is the release of glucose 1-phosphate fromRead MoreTaking a Look in Tay-Sachs Disease952 Words   |  4 Pagesfunctioning to full potential, serious if not fatal consequences can be faced. A shining example of the effects of a malfunctioning organelle occurs in Tay-Sachs disease. Tay- Sachs disease is a lysosomal disorder that is caused by a faulty lysosome.1 Recent studies and research have been investigating the causes and pathways Tay-Sachs disease with great success, which is amazing news for the scientific community. Lysosomes are membranous sacs of enzymes that are typically are involved in the digestionRead MoreTaking a Look at Niemann-Pick Disease1294 Words   |  5 PagesNiemann-Pick disease an inherited condition involving lipid metabolism, which is the breakdown, transport, and use of fats and cholesterol in the body is the condition in which abnormal lipid metabolism causes harmful amounts of lipid to accumulate in parts of the body. There are 3 forms of this disease: Type A, B, and C. The general focus of this paper will be Type C. Niemann-Pick’s disease Type C (NPC) is disease in which unesterified cholesterol and other lipids accumulate in late endosomes/lysosomesRead MoreThe Batten Disease And Its Effects On The Nervous System1697 Words   |  7 PagesExtra Credit Paper Batten Disease The Batten disease is characterized as an autosomal recessive, fatal disorder that consists of detrimental effects on the nervous system. Although the disease typically presents during childhood, there are many forms that show signs at various ages. Batten disease, also known as Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjà ¶gren-Batten disease, is named after the British pediatrician who first correlated its symptoms with the disease progression in 1903. This disease is the most common typeRead MoreEvolving Concepts of Pathogenesis, Transmission, Diagnosis, Treatment and Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis1010 Words   |  4 Pagestuberculosis. It is the reason of virtually millions of deaths all over the world every year. This ratio is more than the deaths caused by any other pathogen. From the start of the twentieth century, tuberculosis has become a relatively uncommon disease instead of the most common reason of deaths worldwide [1-3]. The incidence of tuberculosis has waned in the d eveloped countries. The World Health Organization reports that more than ten million cases and two to three million deaths occur annuallyRead MoreGlucocerebrosidase Enzyme Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesimpairment and psychosis of PD and DLB. The lost function of GBA has been found in postmortem brain of individuals that were diagnosed had a global defect in lysosomal enzymes with those with PD. The GBA gene within the brain increases the risk of individuals of having PD due to the mutation of the gene. These genes will reflect the low activity of lysosomal hydrolase ÃŽ ²-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) where the accumulation of ÃŽ ±-synuclein occurs in the anterior cingulate and occipital cortex [10]. GBA mutationsRead MoreThe Complex And Major Organ Of Our Body Perform Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesbalance secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones and gluconeogenesis.Each kidney in the human contains about 800,000 to 1,000,000 nephrons, each capable of forming urine. The kidn ey cannot regenerate new nephrons. Therefore, with renal injury, disease, or normal aging, there is a gradual decrease in nephron number (Guyton 2011). Although, there is a substantial capacity within the kidney for repair but there are also several circumstances where damage may be irreversible. In general, the proximalRead MoreProteomics Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesPPI is fundamental to define the molecular networks that contribute to homeostasis of living organisms. Disruptions in protein interaction networks have been shown to cause diseases in both human and animals. For instance, PPI disturbances have been shown to be involved in cancer caused by p53 mutations [47], neurodegenerative diseases resulting from protein aggregates accumulation [48], and virus-host interactions [49]. Therefore, the monitoring and study of PPIs can provide innovative options forRead MoreTRMPL1 : The Role Of TRPML11291 Words   |  6 Pages Role of TRPML1 As mentioned before, TRPML1 is the transient receptor protein affected by the mutation that causes MLIV. The TRP gene family are not yet well characterized, but are known to localize in late endosomes and have associations with lysosomes. It is required for proper and efficient fusion of late endosomes and autophagosomes with lysosomes (6). There were debates regarding what sort of channel TRMPL1 was, with some stating that it was a proton channel rather than an ion channel (2)

Impact Of The Fourteenth Amendment During The Civil Rights...

In this thesis I am going to analyze the impact of the 14th Amendment during the Civil Rights years. Firstly, I am going to introduce the topic of civil rights, the roots of racial inequality in the USA. I will briefly describe the development of the Civil Rights Movement and I will provide background information about 14th Amendment. An understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment begins not in Congress, but in the history leading up to the Civil War. The first crucial story in understanding the Fourteenth Amendment is the striking changes in the law of race relations that took place in the North - especially in Bingham’s home state of Ohio - in the dozen or so years before the Civil War began. The second story is about the South, and the legal repression and brutal racial violence that took place there immediately after the Civil War ended (Finkelman, 2003). The Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Although the primary aim was to secure citizenship for African Americans, the debates on the citizenship provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment indicate that they were intended to extend U.S. citizenship to all persons born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction regardless of race, ethnicity or alienage of the parents. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared that â€Å"all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the UnitedShow MoreRelatedPlessy V. Ferguson And Brown V Board Of Education1359 Words   |  6 Pagesoppressive as it was during the era of the Jim Crow laws. The 13th amendment freed the slaves in the United States, however, not many white Americans agreed with this. The 13th amendment did not shield the African Americans from oppression, â€Å"The segregation and disenfranchisement laws known as ‘Jim Crow’ represente d a formal, codified system of racial apartheid that dominated the American South for three quarters of a century beginning in the 1890s.† (Pbs.org, 2017). Over the years landmark Supreme CourtRead MoreA Brief Note On The Civil War And Its Impact On Women s Rights1461 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Suffrage and Labor Rights: An Analysis of the Civil War and Its Impact on Women’s Rights In 1865, four brutal years of the Civil War ended, and Congress passed three amendments that eliminated slavery, gave citizenship to everyone born in the United States, protected people’s rights to due process, required equal protection under the law, and guaranteed voting rights to all American men. However, African American men were still segregated in terms of housing, work, equal pay, and schoolingRead MoreCivil Rights and Civil Liberties1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery and African American slaves gained their freedom during the Civil War; however, this did not mean they were fully integrated into American society. After the war, Southern Whites faced a crisis. The emancipation of slaves and the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of citizenship undermined their assertion that citizenship was for Whites only. The clear line between Whites who ruled and Blacks who were ruled became vulnerable. Since Whites slave owners could noRead More Slavery And United States Rights1133 Words   |  5 PagesSlavery and states’ rights were the most pressing issues in the 1860 presidential election. Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the presidency on the basis of his promise to halt the spread of slavery (Hillstrom). However, not all African Americans lived in slavery. African Americans that lived in freed states had to deal with strict laws that limited their conduct and behavior. Children who lived in northern states were able to receive their education, convicts could serve their sentences,Read MoreImpact Of The Civil War On African Americans860 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was a massive milestone in American History. This war started in 1861 and lasted four years. It was between the Union and the Confederacy over their differences and problems they created. The consequences the nation faced due to the demolition of the Civil War, was terrifying. Then the Reconstruction era was born to restore, reinstate, and unite the United States as one. During the Reconstruction of 1865 through 1867, African American lives were impacted economically because they wereRead MoreThe African American Civil Rights Movement1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe African American civil rights movement was a long journey for African American nationwide. The success involved many people, hardships and time in order to advance the African American community in America. The purpose of the movement was to achieve their rights, cease discrimination, and racial segregation. During the start of the African American civil rights movement, Africans Americans still were faced with Jim Crow laws which segregated them from whites. Under the Jim Crow laws AfricanRead MoreThe Four Year Long Civil War1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe result of the four-year long Civil War, was a nation in need of much repair. The split of the union dividing North and South was centered around their opposing views on slavery. These tensions placed black slaves in the middle as an object the was in a tug of war between the two sides. In the end, slavery was abolished and the rights of freed slaves were thus added to the Constitution in the fourteenth amendment that prohibited their exclusion from the unalienable rights of a United States citizenRead MoreCivil Rights And The Bill Of Rights Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagesof rights and liberties worldwide is a luxury that all countries do not have and are not given to them. In America the people have the Constitution and the Bill of R ights that enumerate their inalienable rights. In the State of Texas there is also a constitution and a Bill of Rights for the people. One of the most important rights in the Texas Bill of Rights in the constitution is Article 1 Section 3 and 3a titled Equality and Equality Under the Law. There are differences between civil rights andRead MoreThe Court Case Of Powell Vs. Alabama During The 1930s806 Words   |  4 PagesSupreme Court Case The United States’ attention was captivated on the Supreme Court Case of Powell vs Alabama during the 1930s. During the time period, this case revealed the brutal treatment towards African Americans more than any other event. The case began on March 25, 1931, when a group of young white and African American youths were traveling on a train to find a job. A physical encounter broke out between them and the white youths were thrown out of the train. Then they reported the incidentRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Thurgood Marshall Law1501 Words   |  7 PagesThurgood Marshall blazed the trail for the Civil Rights Movement from two sides of the American Legal System, both as a lawyer, and as a Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall’s initial rise to fame came as a result of his success as the head lawyer for the Brown family in Brown vs. The Board of Education. Later, Marshall was appointed to the Supreme Court, making him the first ever African American Supreme Court Justice in American history. Overall, Marshall’s impact as a lawyer, a judge, and an activist

Future of Coputers Essay Example For Students

Future of Coputers Essay The computers of the future are expected to be smaller, faster and smarter. For thepast 20 years, CPU performance has doubled about every 18 months. The PowerPC will stay close to this pace for the next 10 yearsa nearly 100-fold improvement in that time.The storage capacities of hard drives will continue to expand, they are currently growing at a rate of about 60 percent per year. Today, Intels Pentium II has 7.5 million transistors. If the trend continues, Intel processors should contain 50 million to 100 million transistors in the first decade of the next century. In 5 years, computers will have 16 times the memory capacity they do now. One big challenge is the time for the processor to acc-ess the memory. One solution is that the processor might be on the same chip as memo-ry. Every time you buy memory, you get a processor.Actual voice input will become a reality, but it may not be widely employed in officesbecause of privacy and environmental issues. According to Gates. He predic ts that within ten years, every computer will have speech and linguistics built into it. Instead of typing or clicking, youll tell your PC to launch this application or print that document. At the off-ice, your e-mail message is just as likely to be a video clip. At home it probably means thatyour PC takes control of the lights, temperature, and appliances.When you have a prob-lem, software will look for conflicts, make sure drivers are up to date, when a fix is neces- sary, ask if you want to go online and get a patch. Later on, it will search for the medicine it needs with no intervention from you. Even later, software will watch what you are doing and step in when youre having trouble.In ten years there will be better input systems; handwriting, speech, visual recognition. As much as 90 percent of the operating-system code will go to these new capabilities. Predictable hardware improvements and unpre-dictable software advances have been a signature of the personal computer indust ry, thisTechnologies That Will Change the WorldDigital Money-Disposable Money Cards, inspired by the success of prepaid phone cards. Web sites will be quick to accept the prepaid cards. Many items that have been free on the internet, such as downloads and plug-ins can be priced at fees of $1 or $2. This willallow opening up a new market to children, who previously could not make Internet pur-Monitors Displays may be flexible, and youll unfold them from your pocket. Other ideas, in the works, are monitors the size of poster boards you will hang on yourSpherical Shaped Computer Display-A spherical display will have unique applica-tions for computer users who need to observe the surface of the earth or other planets. Travel agents and Meteorologists will have a better global view. Personal Security- Your finger print, voice even your facial features will serve as a secure, virtually foolproof way of verifying your identity. In use for many years for high-level security in government a gencies, biometric security devices will be common. Voice recognition wont replace keyboards and mice. Why? Because of privacy. A com-puter you can talk to will be a dead giveaway. Personality Services for Computers We will be able to hold intelligent conversa-tions with our computers. This will give birth to a new industry; computers equipped with personality services. Most people will subscibe to more than one online personality serviceIf you were to subscibe to a comedian personality service, your computer voice would start sounding like Jim Carry. As machines and computers become more intelligent, they will also take on personalities. Computers are already beginning to take on identities, forexamples take the Furby and intelligent agents in software. Machines will become so human-like there will be man-machine marriages. Wearable Computers- Tomorrows computer-human interface will be wearable. Computers worn on smart glasses will broadcast information into a persons eyes. Appli c-ations for smart glasses might start in an industrial area like car repair shops, where the goggles would allow a mechanic to see a diagram of a car with all of its parts identified. This would allow a bedridden, retired person with a lot of experience to direct a younger person without experience, and the two would act as a single entity to perform a job, byusing a wearable computing device and a wireless connectionWay Out There-Evolving from the wearable computer.Thinkers at the MIT Media Lab are working on a system where you and the backplane are one. They figure you can deliver about 100,000 bits per second through your skeletal and nerve structure. .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 , .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 .postImageUrl , .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 , .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6:hover , .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6:visited , .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6:active { border:0!important; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6:active , .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6 .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93847c405f46853711c657fe63a4b3b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl harbor Essay Implantable and Injectable Computers- In a recent experiment at Atlantas EmoryUniversity, a tiny device designed to amplify brain signals and send them to special comp-uters through a small antenna implanted in the skull of a stroke victim who was both para-lized and mute. The procedure gave the patient the ability to communicate by moving a cursor across a computer screen using just his thoughts. A direct brain-to-computer con-nection (sans surgery) maybe possible in the next 10 years. In the future, when you look back at todays personal computers, your grandchildren will hear the stories about your computer that couldnt listen, couldnt talk, or couldnt see. Bibliography:

Types of Tests

Tests are a necessary aspect of teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL). For an educator it is crucial to monitor the progress of the learners and be aware of difficulties they may experience.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Tests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Testing is a suitable way for the teacher to observe the learner’s success and failure and make conclusions considering the methods and approaches implemented for each specific learner or class (Hancock, 2006). There are a number of various tests designed to determine the learners’ progress in each aspect of English such as proficiency, vocabulary, skills and knowledge, theoretical and practical application of language. This paper focuses on ten different types of tests and their use for TESOL. Proficiency tests are normally composed of several levels. This is done in order to determine the learner’s proficie ncy in various spheres such as grammar, vocabulary, and text comprehension. Tests of thins kind are based on multiple choice scheme so the learner needs to select one of the offered answers. The questions of such test are selected in order to target different aspects of the English grammar and also the learners’ ability to read and understand written text. Proficiency tests are good for TESOL educators because they serve as a perfect tool for monitoring general progress, the efficiency of various teaching methods and the level of knowledge and skills of learners at various stages. Diagnostic tests are rather specific; they are also recognised as progress tests. They are called this way because they are designed to diagnose certain aspects of language and the level of the learners’ progress (Gonzalez, 1996).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The tests of this type are often conducted in the end of a unit and are directed at the determination of the knowledge the students acquired and the skills they obtained. These tests are normally based on short-term objectives. Since teaching English to the speakers of other languages is always broken down into units, diagnostic tests serve as useful means to estimate the quality of learning and to determine if the students can move on to the next stage based on their progress level. Placement tests represent a particular kind of diagnostic tests (Brown, 2003). They are designed to cover the materials within a certain curriculum. They are conducted with the purpose to determine where the students are to be placed in relation to the information studied by specific learners. In TESOL this kind of tests is useful because they help to save time and effort to both educators and students and place the learners exactly where they need to pick up from instead of making them go through certain materials for the second time . Achievement tests can be viewed as a kind of progress or diagnostic tests because the main objective of these tests is to evaluate the knowledge of a learner within a particular curriculum, program or unit. The length of the period of time covering certain material or program evaluated by the test is indefinite, and this is why the tests are called â€Å"achievement† instead of â€Å"progress†. Achievement tests are oriented at the evaluation of specific kinds of knowledge, which is useful in TESOL because this allows estimating the quality of the program, and its suitability for the learners.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Tests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Language aptitude tests are important in TESOL, they are conducted even before the learning starts in order to determine each specific learner’s ability to learn and comprehend foreign languages which varies from one indi vidual to another. The tests of this kind are not very popular in the present days because of ethical reasons (Gonzalez, 1996). These tests tend to create bias for the teachers and students and they are viewed as invalid since they are conducted prior to actual language teaching and learning experience. Testing is recognised as norm-referenced when a mark is given to a learner (Brown, 2003). This way, the individual performance of each student is related to that of the remaining members of the class. This way of testing is applied because the progress and skill of each learner need to be placed on a certain position within the class. In TESOL giving marks is vital for the awareness of progress and failure for both teachers and students. In criterion-referenced testing the progress of an individual learner is not compared to that of other students, but is matched against a set of criteria which are designed to determine the level of knowledge. In TESOL the criteria are designed to cr eate a frame of what the learner should be able to do at a certain stage of their learning process. The special feature of these tests is that they do not facilitate competition between the learners and focus of the positive effect of learning. In TESOL English language is broken down into four skills which are reading, writing, speaking and listening and seven linguistic components spelling, grammar, syntax, morphology, phonology, graphology and vocabulary.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discrete-item tests are designed to evaluate these parts separately which provides the learners with more specific understanding of the difficulties a learner may experience. Global/integrative tests, on the contrary, are designed to view language as a whole. They do not separate the components from the context. This way, the learner’s ability to apply and combine many elements at the same time is evaluated. This approach towards testing considers the separate evaluation of the components as inadequate. Communicative language testing is designed in order to evaluate the learner’s ability to communicate certain information to other people and also to be able to comprehend the information received from other speakers (Gonzalez, 1996). Communicative testing normally concerns both written and spoken language skills and knowledge. The results of communicative languages tests are evaluated based on the quality but not the quantity of communication. The purpose of this kind o f testing is to determine the learner’s ability to apply the theoretical knowledge from their lessons in practice which requires levels of creativity. Such testing is focused on the content, integration and interactivity. In TESOL such tests are vital because they evaluate the levels of learners’ preparation for the independent application of their knowledge. In any kind of teaching testing is recognised to be one of the most controversial aspects. At the same time, it is one of the most important areas of teaching. It is impossible to determine an English language testing method which could be called the best. Testing methods are selected based on the individual choice of each educator based on the goals they pursue. There are five principles of language assessment; they are reliability, validity, authenticity, practicality and washback. The efficient test method is the one that aims for the highest levels of these features. Reference List Brown, H. D. (2003). Languag e assessment: Principles and classroom practices.  Harlow, United Kingdom: Longman. Gonzalez, A. B. (1996). Testing English as a foreign language: An overview an some  methodological considerations. RESLA, 11, 17-49. Hancock, C. R. (2006). Language Teaching and Language Testing: a way and ways  to make appropriate connections. Accion Pedagogica, 15, 6-13. This essay on Types of Tests was written and submitted by user Zeke Rowe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Linus Pauling Biography

Linus Pauling Biography Linus Carl Pauling  (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994)  was the only person to receive two unshared Nobel Prizes- for Chemistry in 1954 and for Peace in 1962. Pauling published over 1200 books and papers on a wide variety of topics, but is best known for his work in the fields of quantum chemistry and biochemistry. Early Years Linus Pauling was the oldest child of Herman Henry William Pauling and Lucy Isabelle Darling. In 1904, the family moved to Oswego, Orgeon, where Herman opened a drugstore. In 1905, the Pauling family  moved to Condon, Oregon. Herman Pauling died in 1910 of a perforated ulcer, leaving Lucy to care for Linus and his sisters Lucile and Pauline. Pauling had a friend (Lloyd Jeffress, who became an acoustic scientist and psychology professor)   who owned a chemistry kit. Linus attributed his interest in becoming a chemist to early experiments Jeffress performed when the boys were both 13. At age 15, Linus entered Oregon Agricultural College (later to become Oregon State University), but he was lacking the history requirements for a high school diploma. Washington High School awarded Pauling a high school diploma 45 years later, after he had won the Nobel Prize. Pauling worked while in college to help support his mother. He met his future wide, Ava Helen Miller, while working as a teaching assistant for a home economics chemistry course. In 1922, Pauling graduated from Oregon Agricultural College with a degree in chemical engineering. He enrolled as a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology, studying crystal structure analysis using X-ray diffraction under Richard Tolman and Roscoe Dickinson. In 1925, he received a Ph.D. in physical chemistry and mathematical physics, graduating summa cum laude. In 1926, Pauling traveled to Europe under a Guggenheim Fellowship, to study under physicists  Erwin Schrà ¶dinger, Arnold Sommerfeld, and Niels Bohr. Career Highlights Pauling studied and published in numerous fields, including chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, medicine, and politics. He applied quantum mechanics to explain the formation of chemical bonds. He established the electronegativity scale to predict covalent and ionic bonding. To explain covalent bonding, he proposed bond resonance and bond-orbital hybridization. The final three decades of Paulings research career focused on health and physiology. In 1934, he explored the magnetic properties of hemoglobin and how antigens and antibodies function in immunity. In 1940 he proposed a hand-in-glove model of molecular complements, which applied not only to serology, but also paved the way for Watson and Cricks description of DNA structure. He identified sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease, leading to human genome research. In World War II, Pauling invented missile propellants and an explosive named linusite. He developed synthetic blood plasma for battlefield use. He invented an oxygen meter to monitor air quality in planes and submarines that was later applied for surgery and infant incubators. Pauling proposed a molecular theory for how general anesthesia works. Pauling was an outspoken opponent to nuclear tests and arms. This led to revocation of his passport, as international travel was deemed by the State Department  to be  not in the best interests of the United States. His passport was reinstated when he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. For the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences cited Paulings work on the nature of the chemical bond, his studies of the structure of crystals and molecules, and description of protein structure (specifically the alpha helix). Pauling used his fame as a laureate to further social activism. He  applied scientific data to describe how radioactive fallout would increase cancer and birth defect rates. October 10, 1963 was the day it was announced Linus Pauling would be awarded the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize and also the day the limited test ban on nuclear weapons (U.S., U.S.S.R., Great Britain) went into effect. Notable Awards Linus Pauling received many honors and awards throughout his distinguished career. Among the most notable: 1931 - Irving Langmuir Award1947 - Davy Medal1954 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry1962 - Nobel Peace Prize1967 - Roebling Medal1968-69 - Lenin Peace Prize1974 - National Medal of Science1977 - Lomonosov Gold Medal1979 - NAS Award in Chemical Sciences1984 - Priestley Medal1989 - Vannevar Bush Award Legacy Pauling died at his home in Big Sur, California of prostate cancer at the age of 93 on August 19, 1994. Although a grave marker was placed in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego Oregon, his and his wifes ashes were not buried there until 2005. Linus and Lucy had four children: Linus Jr., Peter, Linda, and Crellin. They had 15 grandchildren and 19 great-grandchildren. Linus Pauling is remembered as the father of molecular biology and one of the founders of quantum chemistry. His concepts of electronegativity and electron orbital hybridization are taught in modern chemistry.

Proper vs. Common Nouns When to Capitalize

Proper vs. Common Nouns When to Capitalize Proper vs. Common Nouns: When to Capitalize Most people get confused about which nouns need capitalizing. Why on earth do we use a capital letter for Paris, but not for love? The answer lies in the difference between proper and common nouns. Proper Nouns Most people understand that nouns are naming words. However, the reason why some nouns are capitalized and others aren’t is because the capitalized words are one-of-a-kind entities, like specific people, cities or landmarks. We call these proper nouns. So we capitalize Paris because it is the name of a particular city and Eiffel Tower because it is a particular building. Some other proper nouns include Queen Elizabeth and Coca Cola. Common Nouns These are words used to refer to something generic. For instance, while we might capitalize Mickey Mouse as the name of a particular cartoon character, if we were talking about a furry rodent living in our basement, we would use a lower case m when we said that darned mouse in the basement. Common nouns can be used for people, places, things and ideas, but all of these will be one among a whole class of entities or a general concept. So we talk about bloggers, mountains and cheese, all with lower case letters. Proper vs. Common Nouns To show you the difference, here is a table of common nouns with proper noun equivalents: Common Noun Proper Noun author J. K. Rowling film The 39 Steps mountain Mount Everest city New York building Sears Tower company Proofed In all of these cases, the common noun refers to the general concept, whereas the proper noun refers to one particular instance. Historical Usage Confusingly, you will find some common nouns capitalized in classic books and poems. This poem by Emily Dickinson is a great case in point: Faith is a fine invention When Gentlemen can see- But Microscopes are prudent In an Emergency. Here, the common nouns gentlemen, microscopes and emergency are all capitalized. Today they wouldn’t be. The reason that a lot of old literature has randomly capitalized common nouns is because, before the twentieth century, the rules of written English were not fixed and there was a fashion for indiscriminately capitalizing any nouns felt to be important! Unfortunately, this is no longer the case, so make sure you capitalize correctly!

Who is responsible for the Great Depression Essay

Who is responsible for the Great Depression - Essay Example (Heinrichs, 2012) Whether this was unprecedented or not, it is undeniable that great depression affected the world. It never practiced discretion; it affected both individual and companies. This paper holds that there are a number of factors that were responsible for the recession that affected the globe. This paper refutes the notion that has been put by other economists that President Hebert Hoover was responsible for the economic recession and its impacts. The economic crisis of 1930 is attributed to a myriad of intertwined complex factors. One of the common factors that is that there was over speculation in the stock market that was not regulated by the responsible authorities. The American stock market fell in 1929 and is often regarded as one of the great reasons of depression. The crash was preceded with period when the people of America discovered the stock market. The crash resulted into a serious loss of the individual and companies investments. Investors were left shaken given that the stock market brought a lot of excitement that drove most people to put their money into the economy. People were completed shattered when the banks erased the savings by the people including those who had not injected in the stock market. Despite the fact that recession was unavoidable, better policies and regulations could have been applied to avoid the failure by the banks. (Canterbery, 2011) The fed in 1929 took what economists regard as unprecedented move by cutting the supply of money by almost a third. The reaction literally chokes off any possibility of recovery. A myriad of banks in the country therefore suffered the problem of liquidity. The reaction of failing to bail out banks was regarded as harsh and did not help in addressing recession in the country. The similar effect was faced by the market in 1907 when the panic of selling sent the

Investigating report how an organisation can get the best from their Essay

Investigating report how an organisation can get the best from their employees regard to their knowledge and experties - Essay Example Morgan and Schiemann (2009) argue that this form of restructuring will ensure that the organization’s functions and systems will run in a smooth manner. Among the changes that are taking part in the organizations today include inclusion of innovative techniques that render the employees have an obligation to offer the best for their companies. With the tough competition in the world of business, it is almost impossible for organizations to survive without embracing the changes that are taking part in the market especially in regard to employee relations. Studies indicate that organizations are terrified of the fact that, they may not be in a position to operate in the markets if they do not embrace the upcoming changes in the field of business. This fact implies that it is of the essence that novel human resource techniques and methodologies are incorporated into the organizations. 1.1. Body 1.1.1. Knowledge Management In an organization, it is mandatory to manage the organiza tion’s knowledge. There are various forms of knowledge in the organization. Knowledge may be described as the cognitive ability of an individual to perform a certain task and varies from one individual to the next. This fact leads to a variation while dealing with employees in the organization. Some employees may feel completely at pains upon conventional treatments, all in all, the most important part is to ensure that all forms of knowledge are crucial and have to be managed. Majority of the organizations are coming up with management of knowledge projects through appointment of knowledge teams and personnel to handle the organizations (Payne 2006). 1.1.2. Forms of Knowledge 1.1.2.1. Explicit form of knowledge Explicit awareness is a type of knowledge that is simple to categorize and retrieve since it uses codes that enable the user to keep the information, reposses it as well as rectify documents. In as far as an organization is concerned, the people in a managerial positi on have to ensure that the employees have unlimited access to information and they are able to use it accordingly for their maximum benefit (Roth 2006). Some analysts however, argue that this type of knowledge is too simple to generate desirable results in as far as fostering competitiveness among the employees is concerned. 1.1.2.3. Tacit Knowledge According to Munk (2008) tacit knowledge refers to a type of information that is hard to define since it relies mostly on individual experience that difficult to explain to others. This is the type of knowledge that is embodied in the minds of individuals based on experience over the years. The values and beliefs that a person ascribes to have a huge impact on the output of employees in an organization. This is probably why most employers insist on hiring people with years of experience in a specific field as they are able to use intuition to solve problems. As a result, many organizations experience breakthroughs in otherwise difficult areas that would have required excessive coding to solve it. 1.1.3 Organizational culture and structure According to Abell and Oxbrow (2001) organizations are structured in a myriad of ways, depending on their nature and traditions as well as their objectives. The structure proposed by the organization verifies whether the organization’

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay This was the lesson I learnt from my father, an unceasing learner and a person who would never give up no matter how many and how difficult the obstacles may be. Having understood from him that success is a moving target, the years of my life with my family have inculcated in me a desire to achieve perfection. I propose to read myself starting from childhood to school days to college days to the vestibule of my career. In a few months’ time, I will be completing my B. Pharm prestigious University namely Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P, India. I am now in the next stage of building my career. I am aware of the influence that the decision will have on my life and I find that I have no hesitation in progressing along a path I had been planning over the last four years. It is my firm conviction that, that one should apply one’s creativity and talent to contribute something original in science and technology. This calls for a specialization in the field of one’s interest. It is in this respect that, I feel undergraduate education is lacking in depth. A graduate education at a reputed university would be invaluable in honing my skills and knowledge, which are very vital for shaping my career. After a careful consideration of my academic background, abilities and career goals, I have decided to pursue my graduate studies in the field of Chemistry. While my graduate study has helped me develop an insight into my intended area of specialization and the ability to relate developments in fundamental concepts to analytical chemistry, it still cannot support my desire for research and design. I therefore strongly believe that a detailed research chemistry from your university will be a step forward in achieving my objective of launching a career in research and designing. My final year project â€Å"Anti-diabetic activity of Passiflora edulis†, was an attempt to identify various chemical constituents present in Passiflora fruit and establishing their activities. The project done offered great insight into Chemistry of Natural Products, Chemical tests and Pharmacological principles. Team spirit and leadership traits were brought to the fore and honed. I was admitted under the merit seat category into Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College. During my undergraduate studies at CIPS , I learnt subjects like Organic Chemistry ,Inorganic Chemistry,Medicinal Chemistry,Chemistry of natural Products, Physical Pharmacy,Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology,Pharmaceutical analysis subjects as a part of my course curriculum. I have a strong desire to learn whatever I can, and self-reliance to face challenges put forth. A master’s degree from your university will be a deciding factor in shaping my future. I’m confident that the technical knowledge that I gain in the United States of America will help me in playing a constructive role in the progress of mankind. Through the brochure, my friends and also by browsing the web, I came to know that WVU is one of the leading and prestigious institutions for research and the curriculum matches my study objectives. It would be an invaluable opportunity for me to work with the renowned faculty at WVU for my graduate study. I assure you that if I am admitted, I shall strive to contribute significantly to live up to your expectations. I hope that my credentials and background rise up to the standards expected and look forward to pursue my graduate studies there. I request you to consider me for admission with full financial assistance to the Department of Chemistry..

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - The Character of the Parson Essay

The Character of the Parson of Canterbury Tales      Ã‚   Geoffrey Chaucer is considered by many critics as the father of English literature.   His literary masterpiece was "The Canterbury Tales."   In these tales, Chaucer writes about pilgrims who are on a journey to Canterbury.   Each pilgrim has a tale that they tell on this journey.   Chaucer expresses themes and messages through the characterization of each pilgrim.   Through the Parson, one of the pilgrims, Chaucer is able to portray the life of a true Christian through the general prologue, prologue to the Parson's tale, and the Parson's tale itself.      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the general prologue, Chaucer introduces the reader to the Parson.   He is a "holy-minded man of good renown" (475).   The reader soon gets to know him as a devout, educated, altruistic, caring, gentle, humble, giving, and brotherly man through the general descriptions of who the Parson is and what he does.   The parson is "benign" and "diligent" (481) as well as being "holy and virtuous" (511).   Chaucer portrays this pious Christian through his reverent and venerable t...

Local and National Provision for Netball Essay

Introduction The aim of this essay is to find out what provisions there are for netball in my local and the national areas, and whether or not there are any funding and coaching schemes for any level of netball from grassroots to elite level. Grassroots level Netball is available for all children to play at primary school level through to GCSE, girls and boys included. There are two main small-sided games aimed primarily at 7-11 year olds, for use in schools, clubs and holiday play schemes to provide fun, fitness and challenge for players of all abilities. First step Netball has been designed mainly for children aged 7-9 year olds (Years 3 & 4). It is a version of 4-a-side netball that was launched in 1993, it has been adapted to suit the younger player giving them more freedom on the court and more time (5 seconds) to make a decision before throwing the ball but in a third of the court. A size 4 netball is used and an 8ft post. High five netball is the next stage for children aged 9-11 (years 5 & 6). This is a modified game that provides the best foundation for young people to develop the physical, social and tactical skills; it also develops the knowledge and understanding of the game. There are 5 players on a full sized netball court, the others team members that are not on the court take up roles of timekeeper, score, umpire, and centre pass marker. A size 4 netball is used and they have 4 seconds to pass the ball and a 9ft netball post is used. This is the only game where England Netball provides resources and support for boys and girls playing in primary schools. A High fives Netball tournament will feature in this year’s Partnership Youth Games for boys and girls in school years 5&6. Provision for elite performers For talented players there is a pathway to play for the national team but it takes a long time to get there. There are county squads from U14’s to the open selection. A player is only fully recognised when they are selected to represent the County at under 16 levels. There are talent camps for athletes who show potential but these are normally for athletes under the age of 16, to become a talent camp athlete, you need are nominated by your County coaches. Athletes who successfully demonstrate all of the basic physical, technical, tactical and mental skills required for peak performance, and who can apply these in a competitive situation, are considered candidates to progress into the national talent squads, they tend to stay here for 2-4 years and only 50% of those move to the development squad. After spending another 2-4 years in the development squad and only some of the athletes demonstrating a very high degree of personal responsibility for individual and team results manage to make it into the national squad where they can spend up to 10 years depending on their quality of play. Figure 1 (below) shows that rather than an age related development framework, the All England Netball Association operates a national squad structure, which you work up depending on the quality of your play. There are a large number of leagues to play in around the country; for those who don’t make County teams there are the Millennium youth games. This is part of Sport England’s initiative to promote active sport. Regional tournaments are held every year. In Stafford there are two netball leagues: the Friday night league and the Stafford and district YLC netball league that takes part on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. The Friday night league is a casual league where you register your team and then play, you don’t wear uniforms and anybody can play including lads so long as the other team is ok with lads, also the umpires don’t have to have any qualifications to umpire. However, the YLC netball league is official with only qualified umpires and uniforms must be worn, only those registered as team players can compete. Provision for male competitors The England netball and IFNA have stated that only single sex competitions are permitted, however England Netball stated that any netball activities up to GCSE level (aged 16) must allow girls and boys to participate together. It is unacceptable to exclude either boys or girls under12 from any competitive or non-competitive netball activity. There are now some netball leagues that are either specifically for men or those which are for mixed teams. It is known that men’s netball teams play regularly in the West Indies, Canada, New Zealand, England and Australia. Flava is committed to the development of men’s netball and encourages boys to play netball as well as being represented in mixed netball competitions. Integral is another club that aims to provide an opportunity for men to play netball either as part of a mixed team or a men’s team, the club took part in several mixed tournaments in the summer of 2002 with some success. They are based in Macclesfield in the North West of England but players come from all over the UK to be part of the club. It was decided, by the Council, that a Men’s World Netball Championship should be held under the direction of IFNA, within the next five years at a time and place to be decided by Members Council. Provision for disabled competitors England Netball is committed to providing and promoting equal opportunities in Netball and its first fully co-ordinated National Disability Development Plan was launched in 1996. The plan now looks at the issues of accessibility for disabled people, to the Netball court, and also opportunities and courses for coaches, umpires, other officials and administrators. It focuses on awareness training for coaches, umpires and volunteers, to ensure that people with disabilities may enjoy the highest quality experiences through the game of Netball. A version of 7-a-side netball has been formed for those in wheelchairs (but with adaptations to 4 and 5-a-side), although obviously the rules have been modified covering travelling and playing the ball. This summer the National Netball Championships for People with Learning disabilities are holding a tournament run by England netball and the English Sports Association. There will be two age categories for those U17 and those over, the aim of this event is to encourage more people to play who struggle from disabilities. Unfortunately there doesn’t seem to be any local provisions for disabled netball they all seem to be on a national scheme. Conclusion I think that on a national level there are provisions being made for everyone to participate in netball, however, there is till not that much for the males or disabled participants. In the more local area there are leagues for females but this is still leaving out the disabled and the male netball players. The way that netball is at the moment means that the way to the top is only for talented female teenagers who can progress through the county level to talent squads and up to the top. Bibliography www.netball.org www.england-netball.co.uk www.isport.com.au www.flavanetball.co.uk www.sasactivesports.co.uk www.bwsf.org.uk

Unit 1 Individual Project Pres111

Marketa S Marshall Unit 1 Individual Project AIU Online – PRES 111 Professor C. Embry Presentation Essentials Before I begin with the videos I chose for this assignment I will first define the rhetorical triangle and the parts of it. The rhetorical triangle refers to the relationship of the three forms of Aristotelian rhetoric-Ethos, Pathos, and Logos. A speaker who aims to attain perfection in his speech must strive to use all three forms of rhetoric. Similarly Ethos, Pathos and Logos form the basic components of all kinds of writing.It is important to learn and recognize the use of these three elements not only in our own writing but also in others writings. It is by the use of Ethos, Pathos and Logos that one can develop a text appealing to readers on various levels. The three parts of the triangle are ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos is more concerned to the character of speakers. Any kind of text document that is ethos-driven concentrates on the character and reputation of writer. It reflects the reputation of author. If listeners can recognize the speaker’s credibility, it will help the speaker to make his task more easy and perfect.Ethos helps to interpret the relationship between listeners and speakers. Ethos-driven document is highly focused on the qualities of author that give credibility to his personality such as sincerity, trust, grooming, eye contact, dress, movement, height and expertise. Pathos is highly focused on emotions, feelings and psychological state of the listeners. It is the fact that we can interpret the concept of document easily when we are in good mood but we cannot interpret it when we are in hostile mood. So it is the fact that pathos-driven document concentrates on the mood, emotions and feelings of the audience.Logos-driven document is always focused on concepts or logical ability. It concentrates on proof that is given to the audience through logic reasoning. Humans make decisions on what grabs their attention thr ough logical reasoning. If speaker’s communication is perfect and convincing, audience will inspire because they always try to find logical reasoning in the speech of speakers. Educational or official documents are focused on logos. (Ranjan, 2012) The first video is about Breast Cancer: http://www. youtube. com/watch? =bjXCnAXp8cs The second video is about students who attend a high school in New York and the discuss the STEP program which helps them to better understand technology http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=bjXCnAXp8cs First video †¢ What is the background information for this presentation? The information in this video provides info about breast cancer, the presenter tells you in the simplest way how to prevent breast cancer and how to detect it in the early stages hands on, and she gives you an example on how to test yourself for breast cancer.She also gives you in depth information about the subject and why she feels the subject is a sensitive topic for her. W hat is the name of the presenter? Megha Shah What is the name of this presentation? Breast Cancer Prevention Presentation by students of Lewis University Where can it be located? (What is its URL? ) http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=4zrTI25mV9I part 2 of the presentation is http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=bjXCnAXp8cs When was this presentation given? August 2, 2010Where was this presentation given? On the Lewis University campus Who was in the audience? Faculty, students, staff, friends, and family How does each part of the Rhetorical Triangle operate in the presentation? Pathos is focused on emotions and feelings of the listeners, since the presenter felt sensitive on the subject since she either has a family member or a friend who has suffered from breast cancer she was able to reach out to the audience not in just an informative matter but in a personal matter as well.Logos is built on how much the presenter has informed the audience I feel she did a great job, since she has ex perienced the topic in a personal way she was able to give tips and help the audience understand the subject better, she also gave great examples on presentation and how to catch the early signs of the illness. Ethos is described as the personality of the presenter I feel she was a bit nervous in front of the camera but she still did a great job when presenting it. She stumbled on a couple of words when doing the presentation in a face to face camera mode.How does The Speaker operate in the presentation? Based on what you have learned in U1 about the Rhetorical Triangle, is this successful (i. e. , effective)? Yes I feel the speaker did successfully touch the basis of all three steps in the triangle though there were some mishaps altogether it still came out to be a great presentation. The speaker gave an effective method for the presentation as well she was able to properly inform the audience on the subject and give them examples on prevention. How does The Audience operate in the presentation?Based on what you have learned in U1 about the Rhetorical Triangle, is this successful (i. e. , effective)? The audience seemed compelled because I believe all women need to know and understand the causes and effects of breast cancer and learn how to catch the early signs of it, they seemed very attentive when it came to listening ad understanding the topic. How does The Situation/Purpose operate in the presentation? Based on what you have learned in U1 about the Rhetorical Triangle, is this successful (i. . , effective)? The situation given for the topic was to inform women more on an illness that causes death for women today; so the purpose was to inform, educate, and help the audience to better understand the subject and gave them tips on how to prevent and catch the early signs of it. What is the relationship between these elements in this video presentation? Based on what you have learned in U1 about the Rhetorical Triangle, overall, is this successful (i. e. , ef fective)?Since the presentation was given on a campus site, not only did it help the faculty and staff, the students, but it also gave them an opportunity to bring family and friends and help them get involved on the issues of the subject and to help them understand the subject as well. Second Video What is the background information for this presentation? The students in this video attempt to inform the audience about a program that is given to them after school hours(weekends) and it help enrich them in technology and further pushes them to their goals.I think that the program offers the students ways to help them achieve their goals, the program also allows them to go a step further with their homework it’s something like a homework help program that is offered to them after school. It helps the kids in writing, math, and reading as well as English. What is the name of the presenter? Various high school students What is the name of this presentation? The Barnard STEP Progr am special presentation 2012 Where can it be located? (What is its URL? ) http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=oxO7t0vs5QE When was this presentation given? March 26, 2012Where was this presentation given? Various locations that offer the after school program to its students. Who was in the audience? Teachers who volunteer at the program and various audience members who wanted to learn more about the program. How does each part of the Rhetorical Triangle operate in the presentation? Not every step was offered in this presentation I think, Ethos was effectively terminated in this presentation the students were still in school clothing I think or clothes that they wore at home after school I think they could’ve had the students look more presentable.Pathos was initiated since all of the students seemed to come across the program by friends, teachers or family members who wanted to see them succeed. Logos was initiated but could’ve been handled differently if I were just bro wsing online the presentation given on the site would not have just caught my attention, the students were knowledgeable on the subject but only to a certain extent. One of the volunteered teachers could’ve made an appearance in the video and talked more to the parents watching about the subject.It was just students in the video so they pretty much reached out to other students, but students must be able to help their parents understand the subject as well so a teacher should’ve been in the video to help capture the attention of the parents of the students who were interested in the program. How does The Speaker operate in the presentation? Based on what you have learned in U1 about the Rhetorical Triangle, is this successful (i. e. , effective)? All speakers pretty much went over why they joined the program, and what it offers.I didn’t get to see information on why or who started the program where it was offered or why students should join. Students just told w hy they started the program because of who brought it to their attention i. e friends, family members or teachers. No one gave in depth information on why the program was started and who stated it and why. How does The Audience operate in the presentation? Based on what you have learned in U1 about the Rhetorical Triangle, is this successful (i. e. , effective)?Various members were able to watch it was a video that was uploaded in order to let students know about the program, since the video didn’t properly execute why or how the program was stated and gave follow up information of the program I don’t think most audience members would be that interested in letting their students join. How does The Situation/Purpose operate in the presentation? Based on what you have learned in U1 about the Rhetorical Triangle, is this successful (i. e. , effective)?Every school has a after school program, the video didn’t really discuss why or what made their program so special, or more important than any other program †¢What is the relationship between these elements in this video presentation? Based on what you have learned in U1 about the Rhetorical Triangle, overall, is this successful (i. e. , effective)? It was mildly successful I think that if any other student were to view the video they’d just watch and move on to another video relating to the same subject due to lack of information.Both videos were entertaining but the second video proved to be more entertaining than the first the first video gave more information on the subject as well as examples and presentations on prevention, the presenter was able to capture the audience’s attention because the subject is a touchy matter and she was able to capture the attention of not only the faculty and staff as well as her fellow students but other women as well.The second video would prove to have a mild audience it lacked of information. The students who presented the video just dis cussed why they felt the program was useful, no one went into detail on how or why the program was started and what the program offered. REFERENCES http://www. alloutdigital. com/2012/09/what-are-three-parts-of-the-rhetorical-triangle/ http://www. youtube. com

Education in Dead Poets Society essays

Education in Dead Poets Society essays Dead Poets Society is a film set in 1959 at Welton Academy, a private all boys prep school in the United Sates of America. It is a moving story that explores one of the most confronting issues faced by young adults in everyday life, conformity, and how a group of young boys, with the encouragement from their teacher Mr. Keating, learn to Seize the day! and become free thinkers. Todays society is definitely one of conformity, especially among those from younger generations. Look around any playground in America, or Australia, and it is instantly recognizable what the current trends are. If someone is not conforming to the trends chances are that they are rebelling because that also is seen as cool by their peers. The need for free and independent thinking in the 21st Century is not necessary. Dead Poets Society challenges this conformity within society and looks at the role of education in forming and shaping individuals for the future. Bill Beattie once said The aim of education should be to teach us rather how to think, than what to think. Welton Academy, like society, tries to teach its students what to think rather than giving them the freedom to learn how to think, in the words of Mr. Nolan, Tradition, John. Discipline. Prepare them for college, and the rest will take care of itself. Traditionally education was a foundation that could not be broken or altered. Students were force fed information, the greatness of a poem was measured on a scale with perfection plotted on the horizontal and importance plotted on the vertical, the overall area of the poem representing its greatness. Education today is more in line with Mr. Keatings views on education, I always thought the idea of education was to learn to think for yourself. Students today are not asked to rate a poem on a graph, instead they are asked how the poem appeals to them, what are their own though...

Savoir Is About Certainty, So No French Subjunctive

Savoir Is About Certainty, So No French Subjunctive The French verb  savoir (to know) does not take the subjunctive. Very often used with que  to introduce a dependent clause, savoir and savoir que are all about certainty. Thus, they do not fulfill the subjunctives basic requirement of uncertainty and emotion. The subjunctive  mood  is used to express actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain: will/wanting, emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity, judgment. The French subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent clauses introduced by  que  or  qui, and the subjects of the dependent and main clauses are usually different. Savoir Savoir  means to know information and facts or to know how to do something. In the  passà © composà ©,  savoir  means to learn or to find out, again with no  subjunctive. (The verb  is quite different from the French verb  connaà ®tre,  which means  to know  a person or to be familiar with a person or thing.)      Je sais oà ¹ il est.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know where he is.      Je sais  conduire.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know how to drive.  Ã‚  Ã‚  (The conjugated  savoir  is followed by an infinitive when the meaning is to know how.) Savoir Que Savoir que is the conjugated savoir  plus a dependent clause beginning with que.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je sais quil la fait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know he did it.      Jai su quil la fait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found out that he did it. Savoir que is not normally used in negative and interrogative statements; its far more natural to use a  si clause in such cases, which means, once again, that the  subjunctive is not used:      Je ne sais pas si vous avez raison.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont know if youre right.      Sais-tu sil a raison ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you know if hes right? Additional Resources The Subjunctivator!Quiz: Subjunctive or indicative?Conjugate savoir

ABA TIPS Article - Safety Misconduct Defenses Essay

ABA TIPS Article - Safety Misconduct Defenses - Essay Example te safety rules, provide safety training and devices, and in certain circumstances perform alcohol and drug testing as measures to safeguard employees from illnesses and injuries (Spurlock, 2012). Furthermore, in almost all cases, the employer must maintain and implement the said measures at their own expense. Statutorily, Kentucky as compared to Indiana and Tennessee provides the minimalistic amount of safety misconduct defense incentives in relation to employer safety rules. Workers compensation in the Kentucky statute provides for only a decrease in compensation benefits in regards to intentional failure to follow a safety rule of an employer (Spurlock, 2012). In addition, the statute also creates an affirmative defense regarding voluntary intoxication. Numerous employers have a simple safety rule that forbids horseplay. In Kentucky, it is not clear as to how horseplay receives treatment because, in several cases, injuries that involve horseplay are probably not considered to come out of the employment course, hence making horseplay act as a fully affirmative defense. Furthermore, the rules against horseplay have applied parallel consideration that have seen evaluation of the violation of non-horseplay safety rules is the history of the employers enforcing the rule of horseplay (Spurlock, 2012). Statutorily, the workers compensation of Indiana provides for an affirmative defense, barring compensation for all forms of safety misconducts (Spurlock, 2012). In addition, the statute of Indiana provides for full affirmative defense for failing to obey a safety rule or usage of a safety appliance. Regarded as a minority state in providing workers’ compensation of misconduct affirmative defense (Spurlock, 2012). Tennessee’s statute also provides for full affirmative defenses particularly in regards to illegal drug use or intoxication and refusal or failure in using a safety device. In summary, even though they act as a full defense or simply decrease benefits,

Organizational Behavior Forces Discussion Term Paper

Organizational Behavior Forces Discussion - Term Paper Example Ikon had incurred a loss of $94 million because of restructuring. The resulting effect on the organization was enhancing the communication system that would enable organizational learning and also clarify accountability of results (Abstracts, 2010). Organizational mission- The aim of Great Lakes Landscaping is to provide total satisfaction through its services. The company tries to attain top results from its performance. This mission serves as the driving force behind its organization behavioral activities. This is demonstrated by the company’s focus on the development of a highly trained staff and maximizing the expertise in their respective fields (Great Lakes Landscaping, 2008). Similarly, the mission of capital One Financial Corp is lending the best possible of financial services to its customers. A wide of variety of service has been designed considering this mission. Fiscal Policies- External factors like fiscal policies greatly affect the way companies operate. This is most relevant for companies like Ikon. Fiscal policies would mean injection of money in the economy where individual incomes would also be high. Thus, people would be in a better position to buy luxury items. Thus fiscal policies influence the decision making in organizations. The price strategies are determined by the decision making. ... The rates of interest in the market, the purchasing power of consumers, etc would influence their strategies. During recession, a number of companies were seen to alter their interest rates to lend more support to the consumers. However, during times of prosperity their competitive strategies remain different. Also, during recession, employees are faced with a lot of insecurity and instability. During these times, the management is required to focus on greater security of employees. Employee relations are given greater priority. Economic factors influence the designing of pricing structures of Great Lakes Landscaping in order to remain competitive in the market. The price structure not only determines the competitive position of the company but helps in retaining and maintaining a constant customer base. The company goes out of its way to demonstrate how investments can be minimized and results can be maximized (Great Lakes Landscaping, 2008). Customer demands- Consumer demands would play a major role for a company like Starkey. This is because the product is very demand specific. It is very crucial that the company makes a thorough analysis of the market conditions, like the demand in the market for such products or the population demographics. An ageing population would necessarily mean that there would be a greater demand for hearing aids in the market. It also holds true for a company like Great Lakes Landscape. It would depend on consumer awareness about the society’s environment. Globalization- globalizations and communication has made the availability of foreign product more easily accessible to consumers in different countries. Goods and services can also now be available at cheap prices. The price of a product produced by Ikon would

Lesson to be learned from Ferguson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Lesson to be learned from Ferguson - Essay Example In a society increasingly characterized by advanced communication technology, it has become easy for members of the public to observe and react to such acute police misconduct. Further, revelations of police brutality not only shake the public’s confidence in law enforcers, but may also spark community protests and civil unrest. Strained relations due to perceived brutality are common between police and minorities, particularly those of African-American descent. Surveys and past incidents show that minorities have a higher likelihood to hold negative views of the police, compared to the majority Caucasian populace. Some of the most vivid incidents where police either used excessive force or killed unarmed civilians include the severe beating of Rodney King in LA in 1991, the fatal shooting of Amadou Diallo in New York, the 2001 murder of Timothy Thomas, and the most recent shooting of Thomas Brown in Ferguson, Missouri (Blankstein, Winter & Riordan, 2013). In all of these cases, respective communities took to the streets to protest police cruelty, thus impeding normative activities for some time. The repetitive nature of these incidents shows that police reform is not an easy task (Weitzer & Tuch, 2004). However, under proper conditions, progressive transformation of policing structures and communities can improve police work, as well as, relationships between the police and communities that receive their services. In an effort to propose potential policing transformation platforms, this paper evaluates four policy alternatives. The latter include: 1. Maintenance of extant state, which constitutes doing nothing, 2. Police Force Reform through strategies like training, internal controls, diversification of police departments, and community patrols, 3. Empowerment of underprivileged communities via economic development, workforce training, and enhancement

Development Of Clinic Management System Computer Science Essay

Development Of Clinic Management System Computer Science Essay Nowadays most of the clinic in Malaysia is using semi-systematic software to handle their daily activities. Doctor still need to write the symptom and prescription manually using paper and pen hence pass it to nurse for further process like recording, preparing and payment. This project known as ClinicOn is to develop a Clinic Management System exclusively designed to help all kind of clinic including traditional Chinese medicine clinic and western medicine clinic. ClinicOn offers modules for management of client information including history, Doctors appointments, administrative activities, billing and report. User will able to acces to different level of content based on the types of user log in. there are 3 types of user in the system which is doctor, staff and administrator. Doctor is valid to edit all the information of the user and access to database. Staffs are just able to edit the information of patients and store. Besides that, doctor is able to write prescription on the system while staffs are not allowed. Lastly, the administrator is able to log in too get full control on the system and edit the content and index in the database. Apart from the standard features of other clinic management software, ClinicOn is develop by considering the end user in mind. ClinicOns ease of use, multiuser functionality and manageability are exemplary compared to other. This system will be written in Java language using NetBean and the data will handle by a database in order to ensure all the clients can share the information or data that store in the server. The database will be created using MySQL language and will use the MySQL Connector/J in order to build the java application that can interact with MySQL. The fully systematic software will able to benefits doctors, staffs and clients. Doctors are able to get benefits from this system because the manual activities like writing the patients prescription no longer needed. Patient also will gain advantages from this system because they do not have to spend more time on the process. Objectives No Objectives Date of Completion 1 To perform background study on existing clinic management system and the daily process for clinic. To understand a clinics management process and find out the problem for the process. 13 May 2010 2. To determine a few possible solutions for the existing problem in the existing system and existing process. To come out with a report illustrating the best approaches to solves existing problems. 15 May 2010 3. To perform background study on similar clinic management system and compare the features between those systems. To determine the benefits and limitation of the similar system and produce a study report based on the study. 17 May 2010 4. To perform literature review on technologies and software that suitable for system development. To generate a report on suitable technologies that use to develop the system. 21 May 2010 5. To perform system analysis and determine the system requirements that need to be included in the new system. To generate a series of system analysis report and features in the system. 2 June 2010 6. To design the overall flow of the new system based on fact-finding from system analysis phase. To build the logical model and flow chart. 13 June 2010 7. To develop a fully functional system by using suitable development technologies and software. To create Clinicon Clinic Management System. 18 June 2010 8. To perform testing on the system and solve the possible problem, bugs. To ensure the system is working perfectly and error-free. 1 July 2010 9. To evaluate the system and gather users feedback. To come out a evaluation report about the system and future enhancement. 7 July 2010 10 To document the completed system. To create a complete documentation on the system. 9 July 2010 System requirement Hardware requirement Minimum Requirement Recommended Requirements Intel Pentium III processor or equivalent Processor Intel Dual-Core processor or equivalent 128 MB Memory 1GB 50 MB of free disk space Hard Disk 100 MB of free disk space CD-ROM Drive Optical Drive DVD-ROM Drive LCD Monitor with minimum resolution of 1024 x 768 Display Devices Widescreen LCD Monitor with minimum resolution of 1280 x 800 Mouse and Keyboard Input Devices Mouse and Keyboard Integrated Graphics Graphics Processing Unit Nvidia GeForce 6 series or above ATI Radeon HD 2 series or above 10/100 Network Interface Card Network Devices 10/100/1000 Network Interface Card Broadband or dial-up internet access Internet Connectivity Broadband or dial-up internet access Normal Printer Miscellaneous Color Inkjet Printer Software Requirements: Operating System Microsoft Windows XP SP 2 and above. Mac OS X 10.5.5 and above. Ubuntu Linux(Any versions) Java Runtime Environment Java SE Runtime Environment 6 and above. Students Signature Supervisors Signature ____________________ _______________________ Date: Date: Chapter 1: Background Study Introduction This chapter provides an introduction to and outline of the rest of the background study. This chapter made a background study on 2 existing similar system to define the advantages, disadvantages of those system. the advantages will be taken and disadvantages will be avoid to create a better version of ClinicOn Clinic Management system. The similar system that chooses to analysis are Vet Sys DB-Clinic Management System and Health Watch Pro Clinic Management system. This two system are free ware that used by small size clinic and popular with the simple and efficient function. Study on general clinic operation system and process. 1.2.1General operating process of clinic. The general operating process for small size clinic nowadays is most on manual and very troublesome. When the patient process to the clinic, the nurse and staff have request patients name or patient identification card number in order to get the full records of the patient. The patients records is stored manually by alphabets from A-Z or the years of birth of the patient according to the patient identification card number. After the records of patient is found, the nurse will put the patient records in the waiting place and wait for the doctor to attend the patient. If the patient is new and never visit the clinic before, the nurses will present the patient a registration form. After patient completely fill in the registration form, nurse will fill in the new patient to a new patient records form and lastly put the patient records into waiting place. The doctor will get the patient records that in the waiting place and start diagnosis the patient. the patient records will contain all information that needed by the doctor. after the doctor consult the patient, the doctor have to write prescription and decide the medicine for the patients. The prescription and medicine name will write in a paper manually. After the doctor finish consults the patient, the patient records which included the newest prescription will be hands up to nurse or staff to collect the medicine and lastly payment process will be conducted. Nurses have to record down the medicine that sole and deduce manually from the total of the medicine records. After the payment, the patient records will be placed according to categories either by alphabets or Identification card number. The nurse will be able to get the patient records easily every time the patient visits the clinic again. 1.2.2 Problem of existing general clinic management system The process above is wasted lots of time. The time will be taken a lots when a nurse need to record the patients information from the patient registration form lastly just can put the patient in the waiting place. It is wasted time by doing the same things in two times. Besides that, lots of time also be used up when a nurse want to search a patient through categories by categories manually. after the doctor finish the prescription nurse have to reduce the total amount of the medicine manually from the medicine record and lastly payment by type in the total and required information for the payment receipt. Beside of wasting the time, it also require large physical storage to store all the hard copy patients records, employee records, medicine records and others. 1.2.3 Solution Functional features and nonfunctional features. 1.3 Summary of Background Study Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This chapter led the author to determine the suitable technologies that available that will be used to create the ClinicOn Clinic Management System. In this chapter, the author had made some studies on Programming language like java and C++, the developing software like JCreator, Visual Basic and NetBean. Beside that there are also some comparison between those studies and thus define the benefits and limitation of each technologies. After the studies, the author had chose the best and suitable technologies and software to develop the ClinicOn Clinic Management System. 1.3 Study on similar system 1.3.1 Vet Sys DB- Clinic Management System 1.3.1.1 User Interface and process (printscreen of major features) 1.3.1.2 Pros and Cons of the system 1.3.2 Health Watch Pro Clinic Management System 1.3.2.1 User Interface and process() 1.3.2.2 Pros and Cons of the system 2.2 Study on suitable Technologies 2.2.1 Programming Language 2.2.1.1C++ 2.2.1.1.1 Advantages of using C++ 2.2.1.1.2 Limitation of using C++ 2.2.1.2Java 2.2.1.2.1Java 2 Platform, standard edition 6 2.2.1.2.2 Advantages of using java 2.2.1.2.3Disadvantages of using java 2.2.2 Study on suitable development Software 2.2.2.2 JCreator 2.2.2.2.1 Advantages of JCreator 2.2.2.2.2 Disadvantages of JCreator 2.2.2.3NetBean 2.2.2.3.1 Advantages of NetBean 2.2.2.3.2 Disadvantages of NetBean 2.2.3 Study on suitable database Management System (DBMS) 2.2.3.1 Microsoft Access 2007 2.2.3.2MySQL 2.3 Client server architecture 2.3.1What is Client Server Architecture 2.3.2 What is the advantage Chapter 3: System Analysis 3.1 Introduction 4.1 Fact finding techniques 4.1.1 User requirements 4.1.2 Observation 3.2 system requirement 3.3 Use case diagram 4.3 Logical Models 4.3.1 Class Diagram 4.3.2 relationship for Class Diagram 4.4 Flowcharts 4.4.1 Overall Flowchart 4.4.2 Login Module Flowchart 4.4.3 Password Recovery Flowchart 4.4.4 Main Module Flowchart 4.4.5 Performance Flowchart 4.4.6 Time Improvement Process Measured(maximum) Average Time Used Without ClicnicOn Expected Time used With CLinicOn Intake Process 25Mins 5Mins Patient Waiting Time(according to the number of patient waiting) 20Mins 10 Mins Clinic Services 30 Mins 20mins Payment 20 mins 5 Mins Total Time in clinic 95 mins 40 mins Chapter 4: System Design 4.1 System Layouts 4.2 System Design Features Chapter 5 : Development tools 5.1 JCreator 5.1.1 Advantages 5.1.2 Disadvantages 5.1 Netbeans 5.1.2 Advantages 5.1.3 Disadvantages 5.2Netbeans IDE vs Jcreator 5.2 MySQL Query Brower vs Command Prompt Chapter 6 System Development Chapter 7 : System Testing 7.1 Performance testing 7.2 Error handling testing 7.2 compatibility testing 7.4 security testing Chapter 8 system Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Evaluation Result System output User interface System engine Summary of system evaluation Chapter 8 conclusion Chapter 9 references Chapter 10 appendixes A Gantt Chart B1 Project Monitoring Report C sample of Questionaire Form D Sample of Evaluation Form E Print Screen F Source Code

Love Gone Wrong in Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay -- Literary Critici

In the novel Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte talks about two cities combining by a forced marriage. She talks about how these characters are in one big love triangle. These characters are Catherine, Edger, Cathy, Heathcliff, Isabella, Linton, Hareton, and many more. The novel starts off with these characters that are in love with each other. They end up getting separated by an event that will change relations not only between them but the entire city. So the novel starts off with Catherine who is madly in love with Heathcliff who owns Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff and Catherine where the best of friends when they where children. When they got older that friendship turned into love. Heathcliff and Catherine where caught spying on Edger’s party. When they ran off Heathcliff got away but Catherine didn’t. She twisted her ankle trying to escape. â€Å"He sends his love, ma’ma [Catherine], and his wishes for your happiness† (107). Heathcliff hopes that Catherine forgives him for all the grief she went through. He feels bad and hopes that everything goes back to the way it was when she gets back. Edger got his people on her to help her and he had her stay with him as he nursed her back to help. This is when Catherine starts to think she is falling in love with Edger. She sees how life is being in the upper class and having money. She realizes that is what she wants. â€Å"I could fancy a love for life here almost possible; and I was a fixed unbeliever in any love of a year standing† (62). She is willing to fake love for her want to be in the upper class and to have money. She is even willing to sacrifice her love for Heathcliff for it. When Catherine comes back from the grange, Edger and Isabella are coming over to visit. Cat... ...s and popularity. So Catherine and Heathcliff had a long and very bumpy relationship. They are soul mates but don’t realize it till they are dead and end up happily in love in Heaven because it was to late to realize there love for each other. Catherine was too stubborn and to in love of her life of money and social standing to realize who her true love was. She realizes that she is not in love with Edger but with the money and social standing they have together. So the cities are finally combined when Cathy marries Linton (forcefully) and Linton dies leaving Wuthering Heights to his father in his will. So then Cathy is finally able to marry somebody that she wants to marry instead of being forced to. She marries Hareton at the end of the novel so we don’t really know how the marriage went but to assume that they have a family and live happily ever after.

Is India Still Developing Country Essay

Even after 66 years of independence, India is still labeled as a developing country. I think as a nation, we have miles to go. The question of whether or not India is a developed or developing country is not so simple. To understand the real India, we need to look at many other indicators, such as health and education too. I think the level of development in a country is directly proportionate to the way we choose to treat our children, elderly and the disabled. As far as India is concerned, we might score very highly in terms of growth of physical infrastructure, but most of the public places are inaccessible to people with disabilities. As per the 2011 census, India has about 2.7 million people with disabilities, and only a handful of those enjoy education and/or employment. We are spending less than 4% of our GDP on important areas of education and health. Almost 12% of our children (between 5 and 15 years) are identified as child labor, and we have about 2.4 million people living with HIV/Aids. Almost 25% of my Indians are poor – in the same India where millions use smartphones. Within India, there are many different countries. There is no doubt that in some areas we are a developed country and, as far as people with disability are concerned, we have created facilities and a support system. But in many areas we still have long way to go. Now I leave it to you to decide whether you perceive India as developing or not! We have to focus on the â€Å"safety of women† and â€Å"corruption†. Corruption has mired growth to a great extent, and past and present governments have so far been unsuccessful in finding a permanent solution. The young Indian faces challenges stretching from a poorly administered education system to the lowest average wage rates in the world. The youth of India today lives in a society defined by multiple languages, religions, ethnicities and political thought, among other things. Yet they define their own generation, which is starkly d ifferent from their fathers and grandfathers. This puts them in a unique position to take their country towards positive growth and development.

Midtermquestion obesity

Generally, much of the blame for obesity’s widespread existence in Western society is placed upon poor lifestyle. In the case of the former, the increasing pervasiveness of a sedentary lifestyle, characterized by long periods of inactivity (such as sitting in an office) with little to no exercise, in addition to a decreasing amount of leisure time being spent on physical activity, as opposed to video games and television viewing. (Bleich, et. al., 2007) In the case of the latter, over-eating remains a problem, despite advances in nutritional awareness. Additionally, the increasing reliance on fast-food meals, with their energy dense composition, have quadrupled the calorie intake of the average American over the period between 1977 and 1995.   (Lin, et. al., 1999) Genetics also play a part in the development of obesity. Excess calorie intake and how it translates into body mass is affected by various factors such as the genes which regulate metabolism, appetite and adipokine. Additionally, there are various genetic conditions that have been identified as symptomatized by obesity (e.g. Bardet-Biedl syndrome, leptin receptor mutations and MOMO syndrome). Farooqi & O’Rahilly (2006) have also noted that obesity has a hereditary component. Chakravarthy & Booth (2004) have also theorized that certain ethnicities may be more prone to obesity, as an evolutionary means of taking advantage of abundance in between long periods of food scarcity. As such, the genetic disposition towards obesity is an advantage in surviving famine, but a maladaptive trait in a society with food stability. Obesity may also be affected by medical illnesses such as Cushing’s syndrome, growth hormone deficiency and hypothyroidism. The treatment of some illnesses may also lead to fluctuations in weight, as a side effect of medication taken (e.g. antipsychotics, fertility meds). Quitting smoking has also been recognized as a cause of moderate weight gain, due to the resulting loss of appetite suppression. Also, some psychological disorders such as bulimia or binge disorders contribute direct risks of obesity. The mechanisms of neurobiology also contribute to the development of obesity. In addition to leptin (which regulates the intake and expenditure of energy) substances such as ghrelin (which regulates short-term appetite) are linked with the maintenance of obesity. (Flier, 2004). Other such substances include adiponectin which regulates glucose, cholecystokinin which stimulates the digestion of fat and protein, and PYY 3-36 which responds to food intake by reducing appetite. Finally, social determinants contribute to obesity by significantly affecting the habits formed that contribute to obesity. In a 2004 study, it was noted that there was an inverse correlation between wealth and obesity, suggesting that lower income individuals rely on cheaper fast food for nourishment. (Zagorsky, 2004). Also, a 2007 study followed more than 32,500 individuals over a span of 32 years and found that changes in body mass of friends, and siblings were reliable predictors of changes in subjects, regardless of geographical distance, suggesting that the acceptance of one’s body mass has an influence on changes in body size. (Christakis & Fowler, 2007) REFERENCES Bleich, S., Cutler, D., Murray, C. & Adams, A. (2007) Why Is The Developed World Obese?. Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 29. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from: http://www.nber.org/papers/w12954.pdf Lin, B.H., Guthrie, J. & Frazao E. (1999) â€Å"Nutrient contribution of food away from home†. In: Frazao, E. (Ed). America's Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 750, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, pp. 213–239. Farooqi, S., O’Rahilly, S. (2006) Genetics of obesity in humans. Endocrine Review, Volume 27. Chakravarthy, M.V., Booth, F.W. (2004). Eating, exercise, and â€Å"thrifty† genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases. Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 96. Flier, J.S. (2004). Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic. Cell, Volume 116, Issue 2, pp. 337-350. Zagorsky, J.L. (2004) Is Obesity as Dangerous to Your Wealth as to Your Health? Res Aging Volume 26, pp. 130-152. Christakis, N.A., Fowler, J.H. (2007) The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years.†