Cognitive Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Cognitive Bias - Essay Example Daniel Kahneman asserts that cognitive bias in decision making process is the intuitive preferences that unswervingly violates the rules related to the rational decision (48). Therefore, a cognitive bias takes place when a psychological pattern changes a decision maker’s subjective view of a problem to differ from the reality. So as to understand how this works, John Butler elucidates how the mental life of a decision maker can be described as two agents (39). The agents include system one and system two. In system one, automatic operations take place that is working quickly by applying a little effort and is not enthusiastic to take control of the thoughts. However, system two is able to construct the necessary thoughts and take the necessary thoughts, for instance doing complex computations and reasoning. Notably, more effortful mental activity occurs in system two. The activities in system two are connected to the subjective experience of choice, connections and agency (Ser fas 71). Anchoring refers to the biased judgment of a stimuli that is based on an incentive assessment of another stimulus and an inadequate alteration away from the initial assessment (Kahneman 52). In other words, this means that a previous presented value affects decision makers when they are about to estimate an unidentified quantity, which is closer to the value considered before the estimate. A good example of the anchoring effect in decision-making is how a decision-maker is influenced by price when buying goods from different suppliers. A higher price will influence the decision maker to value the goods higher than what he/she would have done if the price of the goods is lower. Daniel Kahneman claims that any number a decision maker is asked to consider as a possible solution to an estimation problem will predominantly induce an anchoring effect (50). Any numerical judgment that is under

New German Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New German Cinema - Essay Example Finally, the films shared a concern with contemporary West German fact on the one support and search for public and markets on the other1. In an international view, the German Cinema was taken as the most encouraging development in German cinema since German assertions, and a handful of its directors who have won national reputations. The film developed in other countries like Britain and US during the mid 1970s through various magazines and television announcements. Many observers of the films focused on the characters of the new directors, discussing them as creative geniuses, artists with something to say and determined the films almost incompatible in terms of their personal visions of the directors. Thus, the New German Cinema in Britain and America was initially discussed predominantly as a â€Å"cinema des auteur.†2 Although the New German Cinema directors were undisputedly highly gifted, there were a number of historically particular influences that set up essential pre-conditions for the occurrence of the New Cinema. Of particular significant was the way in which Allies handled the fledging West German Film industry in the years promptly after the World War II. When the war was moving towards the end, the western Allies felt that it was vital to re-inform the German people in order both to declassify Germany and to assemble up the western zones of Germany as a barrier to the influence of the Soviet in eastern Europe and American films were recognized fast as an effective measure of disseminating western notions of freedom, democracy and capitalist enterprise. Before the distributors of America agreed to send their films to the FRG for this reason, however, they forced that they should be permitted to transfer any benefits made in Germany back to America. Since the market in the German was clo sed to America during the World war II, once this situation